Table 1.
Biomarker metabolites identified in each inhibitor-treated group
| Metabolites | VIP values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA | AA | F | H | P | C | |
| Glucose | 5.41# | 5.70# | \ | \ | \ | \ |
| Oxoproline | 5.31 | 3.50 | 5.10 | 4.57 | 2.40# | 2.42# |
| Glycerol | 4.66 | 4.13 | 3.21 | \ | 2.20# | 1.78# |
| Alanine | 3.88 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 3.91# |
| Gluconic lactone | 2.77# | \ | 1.81 | \ | 4.30 | 3.25# |
| d-Glyceric acid | 2.52 | 2.30 | 1.64 | 1.60 | 2.34 | \ |
| Leucine | 2.29 | \ | 1.92# | \ | \ | 3.11# |
| 3-Hydroxypropionic acid | 1.94 | 1.76 | \ | \ | \ | \ |
| Lysine | 1.67 | \ | 1.01 | \ | \ | \ |
| 2-hydroxypyridine | 1.59 | 1.19 | 1.29 | \ | 1.02 | \ |
| Phenylalanine | 1.53 | 1.20 | 1.09 | 1.26 | \ | \ |
| Inosine | 1.37 | 1.61 | 1.85# | \ | \ | \ |
| Trehalose | 1.37 | \ | 1.50# | \ | 1.02# | 2.32# |
| Lactic acid | 1.15 | \ | \ | 1.19 | \ | |
| Ribose | 1.13 | 1.32 | 1.21 | 1.16 | \ | \ |
| Gluconic acid | 1.11# | 4.95# | 3.86# | 6.86# | 6.01 | 6.70# |
| Tyrosine | 1.05 | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ |
| l-Allothreonine | 1.03 | 1.30# | 1.57 | \ | \ | 3.25# |
| O-Phosphoserine | 1.02# | \ | \ | \ | \ | \ |
| Phosphate | \ | 2.58 | 3.36 | 2.81 | \ | \ |
| Isoleucine | \ | 2.10# | 1.99# | 2.31# | 2.34# | 2.36# |
| Linoleic acid methyl ester | \ | 2.04# | 3.21# | 2.22# | 2.14 | 1.33# |
| Glycine | \ | 1.69# | 1.65# | 1.75# | 1.93# | 1.87# |
| Stearic acid | \ | 1.53# | 1.89# | \ | \ | 1.33# |
| Valine | \ | 1.52# | 4.10# | 2.35# | 2.35# | 2.19# |
| Proline | \ | 1.49# | 1.58# | 1.50# | 1.95# | 1.15# |
| Oleic acid | \ | 1.43# | 1.10# | \ | \ | 1.29# |
| Serine | \ | 1.43# | 1.04# | 1.15# | 2.30# | 2.10# |
| Succinic acid | \ | 1.17# | 1.84# | 1.43# | 1.25# | 1.32# |
| Tyrosine | \ | 1.02 | \ | \ | \ | \ |
| Dihydroxyacetone | \ | \ | 1.52# | 2.69# | 5.72# | 1.35# |
| Aspartic acid | \ | \ | 1.29 | 1.16 | 1.50 | \ |
| Palmitic acid | \ | \ | 1.00 | \ | \ | \ |
| 1,2-Cyclohexanedione | \ | \ | \ | 4.56# | \ | 2.11# |
VIP variable importance to projection, obtained by OPLS-DA analysis. FA cells treated by formic acid, AA cells treated by acetic acid, F cells treated by furfural, H cells treated by 5-HMF, P cells treated by phenol, C cells treated by combined inhibitors. Symbol “\” denotes the metabolite is not identified as a biomarker in the relevant group. Superscript symbol “#” denotes the metabolite is up-regulated. Metabolite without symbol denotes it is down-regulated