Exhibit 1.

Characteristics of low-income adults with selected substance use disorders in 2008–15, in states that did and did not expand eligibility for Medicaid

	Expansion states		Nonexpansion states
Characteristic	Percent	SE	Percent	SE	p value
Age range (years)					0.16
18–24	38.7	(0.89)	37.4	(1.10)
25–34	25.9	(0.84)	24.3	(0.92)
35–44	15.8	(0.77)	15.3	(0.88)
45–64	19.6	(0.97)	23.0	(1.19)
Sex					0.02
Male	60.9	(0.92)	63.9	(0.94)
Female	39.1	(0.92)	36.1	(0.94)
Race/ethnicity					<0.0001
White, non-Hispanic	48.8	(1.02)	54.6	(1.17)
Black, non-Hispanic	17.7	(0.77)	23.3	(0.96)
Hispanic	25.2	(0.94)	16.8	(0.93)
Other	8.3	(0.51)	5.3	(0.43)
Education level					0.09
Less than high school	30.4	(0.88)	30.4	(0.98)
High school graduate	29.4	(0.91)	27.9	(1.03)
Some college	10.4	(0.57)	8.7	(0.53)
College graduate	29.7	(0.96)	32.9	(1.11)
Substance use disorders in past year
Alcohol	79.5	(0.73)	82.3	(0.79)	0.01
Cannabis	26.1	(0.77)	23.1	(0.83)	0.007
Cocaine	7.5	(0.53)	8.7	(0.68)	0.15
Heroin	5.0	(0.47)	2.4	(0.31)	<0.0001

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. NOTES Low-income adults are those with incomes of no more than 138 percent of the federal poverty level. Selected disorders include alcohol, cannabis (marijuana), heroin, and cocaine use disorders. Expansion states are those that expanded Medicaid in 2014 or earlier. There were 8,100 respondents in expansion states and 6,300 in nonexpansion states. p values from chi-square statistics. Because the age groups are mutually exclusive groups, one test statistic was computed; the individual substance use disorders are not mutually exclusive groups, so separate test statistics were computed. SE is standard error.