Fig. 1.

Instrument development process, conducted in three phases. Phase 1 included literature reviews and interviews with community field workers, which led to the development of 58-item scale. In phase 2, 35 pilot surveys were conducted by community field workers. Field workers were then invited to pile sorting exercises where they categorized their respective surveyed participants into five groups. Focus group discussion was conducted to ascertain the reasoning behind the placement of participants, which led to reduction of the survey to 36 items. In phase 3, monthly collection of surveys took place for 15 months. Further analyses and validation of the survey was conducted with Water and sanitation, Assets, Maternal education, Income index, HFIAS scale, dietary intake of children, and nutritional status of children