Figure 5.

Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in the proinflammatory cytokine production induced by T. interdigitale EVs. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) obtained from WT, TLR2^−/−, and TLR4^−/− mice were incubated at 37°C for 48 h with EVs (10⁷ particles/mL). A mixture of LPS (1 μg/mL) plus IFN-γ (2 ng/mL) were used as positive controls for WT and TLR2^−/− macrophages; Pam3CSK4 (100 ng/mL) was used as the positive control for TLR4^−/− macrophages. The cultures supernatants were assessed for the concentration of TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B). Data are representative of 3 experiments. The results are expressed as means ± SEM and are shown relative to the levels in non-stimulated cells (medium only). ***P < 0.001, and non-significant differences (n.s.).