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. 2018 Oct 9;12:355. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00355

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Copyright © 2018 Dai, Zhang, Schön, Böckers, Han, Han and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline of behavioral tests and USVs analysis of control and VPA rats. (A) Experimental design for behavioral tests. (B) Representative spectrograms of USVs recorded from control and VPA pups. (C) Both male (n = 12) and female (n = 15) rats in VPA group emitted fewer USVs in 5 min compared with control group (male n = 21, female n = 18). (D) Total USVs duration tended to be shorter in the VPA group of both sexes. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, ^∗P < 0.05. Ctrl, control; USVs, ultrasonic vocalizations.