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. 2018 Oct 9;12:355. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00355

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Copyright © 2018 Dai, Zhang, Schön, Böckers, Han, Han and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Social interaction in control and VPA rats. (A–D) Stage I of three-chamber sociability test (social preference). (A) The paradigm for testing social preference. (B) Representative traces from control and VPA rats exploring the two sides (Stranger 1 and empty cage). Both the males (n = 11) and females (n = 15) in the VPA group exhibited deficits in social preference (C) and spent less time sniffing the stranger (D) than the control group (male n = 16, female n = 14). (E,F) Stage II of three-chamber sociability test (social novelty). (E) The paradigm for testing social novelty. (F) No differences were observed between VPA and control rats of both sexes in the social novelty test. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001. Ctrl, control.