Fig 4. PCoA and sPCA suggest geographic differentiation of Chadian D. medinensis but no differentiation by host species.

(A) PCoA of derived maternal genotypes for Chadian parasites. Point shape and color denote host species, and fill transparency indicates broad geographic origin of the parasite (northern or southern region). (B) Interpolation of lagged principal scores of the first component from the sPCA, plotted over the sampling area in Chad. Sampling locations of each parasite specimen are indicated by open circles, and genetic similarity is represented by color contours. The arrow in the lower left inset illustrates the clinal gradient in the context of the dominant geographic features of the sampling area. A barplot of the eigenvalues produced by the sPCA is shown in the upper right insert, illustrating the dominance of the first component within the sPCA.