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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 23.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Surg. 2019 Jun;269(6):1154–1162. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002734

Table 4.

Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression for Associations Between Pre- and Postoperative Risk Factors and Early Recurrence of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma After Resection (<12 mo)

Preoperative Risk Factors Univariable
Multivariable
Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value
Age: >70 years versus ≤70 years 1.00 (0.77–1.30) 0.984 —
Gender: female versus male 1.15 (0.89–1.49) 0.288 —
Race/ethnicity: Caucasian versus all others 0.82 (0.57–1.17) 0.272 —
Abdominal pain: yes versus no 1.27 (0.96–1.67) 0.101 —
Jaundice: yes versus no 0.82 (0.63–1.06) 0.130 —
Diabetes: yes versus no 1.28 (0.94–1.75) 0.116 —
Weight loss: yes versus no 1.22 (0.94–1.60) 0.138 —
Smoking: past/current versus never 0.80 (0.59–1.09) 0.149 —
Charlson age-comorbidity index: ≥4 versus < 4 1.48 (1.12–1.95) 0.005 1.65 (1.06–2.55) 0.025
Tumor size * : >3.0cm versus ≤3.0 cm 2.25 (1.69–2.99) <0.001 1.53 (1.11–1.95) 0.029
Tumor location*: body/tail versus head/uncinate 1.40 (0.99–1.97) 0.053 1.45 (0.82–2.56) 0.198
Preop CA 19–9: >210 U/mL versus ≤210 U/mL 2.36 (1.56–3.56) <0.001 2.30 (1.51–3.50) <0.001
Postoperative Risk Factors Univariable
Multivariable
Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value
Age: >70 years versus ≤70 years 1.00 (0.77–1.30) 0.984 —
Gender: female versus male 1.15 (0.89–1.49) 0.288 —
Race/ethnicity: Caucasian versus all others 0.82 (0.57–1.17) 0.272 —
Charlson age-comorbidity index: ≥4 versus <4 1.48 (1.12–1.95) 0.005 1.45 (0.95–2.22) 0.087
Complications†: Clavien ≥III versus Clavien ≤II 1.42 (1.00–2.00) 0.047 1.14 (0.65–2.00) 0.645
Tumor size: > 3.0cm versus ≤3.0 cm 1.61 (1.24–2.10) <0.001 1.11 (0.74–1.68) 0.609
Tumor differentiation: poor versus well/moderate 1.97 (1.51–2.57) <0.001 1.66 (1.10–2.51) 0.016
Micr. lymphovascular invasion: yes versus no 1.99 (1.52–2.60) <0.001 1.70 (1.10–2.63) 0.018
Micr. perineural invasion: yes versus no 2.00 (1.25–3.18) 0.004 1.31 (0.57–3.02) 0.521
Positive lymph node ratio: >0.2 versus ≤0.2 2.71 (2.05–3.58) <0.001 2.49 (1.62–3.84) <0.001
Resection margin: R1 versus R0 1.61 (1.23–2.13) 0.001 1.24 (0.81–1.91) 0.340
Postop CA 19–9: >37 U/mL versus ≤37 U/mL 4.45 (3.09–6.41) <0.001 3.38 (2.25–5.08) <0.001
Adjuvant therapy:
Chemotherapy versus no adjuvant 0.34 (0.23–0.49) <0.001 0.28 (0.16–0.51) <0.001
Chemoradiotherapy versus no adjuvant 0.32 (0.24–0.43) <0.001 0.29 (0.18–0.47) <0.001

Shown in bold are univariable associations (P < 0.10) that were selected for multivariable analysis and significant risk factors (P < 0.05) on multivariable analysis.

*

Based on the last preoperative computed tomography scan.

†

According to Clavien-Dindo classification.

CI indicates confidence interval; Preop, preoperative; CA, carbohydrate antigen; Micr, microscopic.