Fig. 3.

Micromotor motion. a Motion of 6 μm motors in solutions with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The digital images show motion trajectories of the prepared 6 μm motors in the presence of 0% H₂O₂ solution and 10% H₂O₂ solution (scale bar = 50 μm). b Thermal stability of motors at different temperatures tested in 5% H₂O₂ solution. c Stability of the motor motion with time (120 s) and the digital image show the motion trajectories of 6-μm motors in 15% H₂O₂ solution after 30 s (scale bar = 50 μm). d Motion trajectories of 6-μm motors with and without H₂O₂ (scale bar = 10 μm). e Mean squared displacement (MSD) plotted against time (t) for motor motion in 0% H₂O₂ (no H₂O₂, black dots) or 5% H₂O₂ (red dots). The black lines indicate the average slope derived from all individual particle trajectories (n = 20). f Motion trajectories of a mixture of 3-μm beads (no PtNPs or AuNPs were added, with blue trajectories) and 6-μm motors (beads with PtNPs and AuNPs, with red trajectories). Scale bar is 100 μm. g MSD analysis of a mixture of 3-μm beads (no PtNPs or AuNPs were added, black circles) and 6-μm motors (beads with PtNPs and AuNPs, red circles). The red lines indicate the average slope derived from all individual particle trajectories (n = 20). Error bars represent the standard deviation of at least three independent experiments