Table 3.
The effects of endurance training on the immune system.
| Reference | Subjects age gender | Type of acute exercise | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nieman et al. (48) | Sex: female Age: 65–85 Number: 42 (12 trained/30 untrained) |
Endurance competition (race) | ↑NK cell activity ↓incidence of URTI ↑T cell proliferation |
| Woods et al. (103) | Sex: male/female Age: 65 Number:29 (14 trained/15 untrained) |
Aerobic exercise: 10–40 min/session 50–65% O2max3 times/week 6 months |
↑T cell proliferation ↑NK cell cytotoxicity ↔ Neutrophil, lymphocyte (TCD4/ TCD8), monocyte counts ↓memory(CD45RO+) CD4+T Cell counts, CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio |
| Ogawa et al. (140) | Sex: female Age: 63 Number: untrained 12 Trained 9 |
Regular exercise Training: walking O2peak: 32.2 (ml.kg−1.min−1) |
↑ CD8+/IL2 ↑CD4/IFN? |
| Fairey et al. (138) | Sex: female Age: 59 Number: 53 untrained/28 trained 25 |
Cycle ergometer 3 times/week 15 weeks | ↑NK cell cytotoxicity ↔ Unstimulated 3H thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocyte |
| Shinkai et al. (141) | Sex: male Age: 63–65 Number:17 older adult runners/19 controls |
Endurance training: running | ↔ NK cell activity ↑ IL2, IFN?, IL4 ↔ circulating counts of immunocompetent cells ↑ T cell proliferation |
| Kapasi et al. (137) | Sex: female Age: 87 Number: 96 untrained and 94 trained |
Endurance and resistance exercise training 5 days/week 8 months | ↔ Lymphocytes subpopulations or Activation markers (CD28, CD25, HLA-DR) ↔NeotropinsTNF-RII production in serum |
| Drela et al. (142) | Sex: female Age: 62–86 Number: 30 |
2 year physical activity program | ↑ lymphocytes expressing intracellular IL2 ↔ Intracellular expression of IL4 and IFN? |
| Shimizu et al. (136) | Sex: female/male Age: 61–79 Number:48 untrained 20 Trained 28 |
Exercise training session 5 days/week 6 months | ↔Leukocytes, Lymphocytes CD3 T cells ↑CD4+ CD28+ cells |
| Thijssen et al. (131) | Sex: male Age: 19–28 67–76 Number: 16 |
Endurance training 8 weeks | ↑ HSCs and EPCs in older subjects |
| Yan et al. (134) | Sex: male Age: young (20–39) Middle aged (40–59) Elderly (more than 60 years) Number: elderly (20 untrained/ 28: trained) |
Moderate exercise training | Trained older adult group: ↑phagocytic capacity of neutrophils ↑NK cells CD16+ CD56+ |
| Thijssen et al. (131) | Sex: male Age: 71–73 Number: 14 (7 untrained and 7 Trained) |
8 weeks of endurance training | ↑ circulating HSCs and EPCs |
| Kohut et al. (143) | Age: 64 Number: 14 trained 13 untrained |
Endurance training 65–75% heart rate reserve (HRR), 25–30 min, 3 days per week, for 10 months | ↑ antibody to influenza immunization |
↑, greater response;↓, lower response; ↔, No difference due to exercise training; CD, cluster of differentiation; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; , peak oxygen uptake; maximal; NK, natural killer.