FIGURE 7.

Workflow for shape analysis of the pinwheel V. minor with rotational symmetry of order 5 (by 72°) (case study 3). (A) First, an original configuration is considered, then all transformed relabelled copies in the symmetry group are produced with function ‘Cn.’ A GPA is applied to this dataset. The mean shape (consensus) is symmetric. (B) A PCA unambiguously separates the two components of shape variation and indicates how much their associated PCs account for the total variance. The first two PCs of each component was displayed. The shape changes for pairs of PCs with equal eigenvalues are totally asymmetric. The outline soft wireframes of flowers are as in Figure 6. A scatterplot of the PC scores for the first two PCs shows a distribution that is symmetric under rotation of order 5. Each point in the plot corresponds to transformed copies of a given flower’s configuration of landmarks. Credit: photograph by Beentree, distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported licence.