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. 2018 Oct 10;9:2293. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02293

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Copyright © 2018 Knuhr, Langhans, Nyenhuis, Viertmann, Kildemoes, Doenhoff, Haas and Schramm.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IPSE/alpha-1 had limited direct effect on the pro-inflammatory cytokine release of monocytes. IL-1β (A) and IL-6 (B) released from human monocytes stimulated with LPS, rhIL-4, IPSE/alpha-1 or combinations thereof. While rhuIL-4 had a significant inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced IL-1-β and IL-6 release from monocytes, IPSE/alpha-1 alone had only very little (IL-1β) or virtually no (IL-6) direct effect on LPS-activated monocytes with respect to inhibition of cytokine release. Pro-inflammatory cytokine release directly induced by IPSE/alpha-1 is the result of small amounts of LPS in E. coli-expressed IPSE/alpha-1. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 7. Statistics were performed with the paired t-test; ns, not significant, ^*p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001.