Table 2.
Association between elevated Hg (> 5.8 μg/L) and glutathione biomarkers, stratified by Omega-3 Index and Se (p values < 0.05 are in bold).
| All (N = 268) | Low Omega-3 index (< 6%, N = 133) | High Omega-3 index (> 6%, N = 135) | Low Se, (< 318 μg L−1, N = 136) | High Se, (> 318 μg L−1, N = 132) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hg ≥ 5.8 μg/La | Unadj. | Adj.b | Unadj. | Adj.b | Unadj. | Adj.b | Unadj. | Adj.b | Unadj. | Adj.b | |
| GSH | |||||||||||
| Adj. R2 | 0 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.02 | |
| β | −14.4 | −0.4 | −31.5 | −8.0 | 20.0 | 13.6 | 2.5 | 15.9 | −21.6 | −37.9 | |
| 95% CI | (−59.3, 30.5) | (−47.2, 46.4) | (−107.1, 44.1) | (−90.6, 74.6) | (−32.3, 72.4) | (−40.0, 67.1) | (−60.0, 65.1) | (−51.8, 83.7) | (−86.6, 43.3) | (−108.0, 32.2) | |
| p Value | 0.54 | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.94 | 0.64 | 0.51 | 0.29 | |
| GSSG | |||||||||||
| Adj. R2 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| β | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | < 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| 95% CI | (−5 × 10−3, 0.2) | (< 0.1, 0.2) | (< 0.1, 0.3) | (−3 × 10−3, 0.3) | (−0.1, 0.2) | (−0.1, 0.2) | (−2 × 10−2, 0.2) | (−3 × 10−2, 0.2) | (−3 × 10−2, 0.2) | (−4 × 10−2, 0.2) | |
| p Value | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.15 | |
| GSH:GSSG | |||||||||||
| Adj. R2 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |
| β | −111.0 | −116.7 | −194.0 | −182.5 | −48.0 | −63.5 | −98.2 | −97.1 | −157.6 | −151.8 | |
| 95% CI | (−403.9, −85.5) | (−423.0, −96.2) | (−575.1, −111.5) | (−554.9, −78.7) | (−407.7, 51.6) | (−417.4, 40.9) | (−461.2, −64.2) | (−505.6, −65.0) | (−533.3, −49.6) | (−534.4, −1.0) | |
| p Value | 0.01 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
| Eh | |||||||||||
| Adj. R2 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| β | 6.38 | 6.5 | 10.8 | 9.0 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 7.7 | |
| 95% CI | (1.8, 11.0) | (1.6, 11.4) | (3.8, 17.8) | (1.4, 16.6) | (−3.6, 9.1) | (−3.3, 9.4) | (0.8, 12.9) | (−0.1, 13.2) | (0.3, 14.2) | (0.1, 15.3) | |
| p Value | < 0.01 | 0.02 | < 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
Negative R2 values were replaced with “0”.
a
Reference Hg < 5.8 μg L−1
b
Adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male (reference), female), income (< US$25,000 yr−1 (reference), $25,000–$70,000, $70,000–$110,000, $110,000–$200,000, > $200,000), and nutrients (continuous) (unstratified: Omega-3 Index (continuous) and Se (continuous); stratified: Omega-3 Index or Se).