Fig. 6.

Effects of ginseng seed oil (GSO) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic gene expression in mice. (A) Gene set enrichment analysis plot of 88 genes significantly down-regulated by HFD feeding within genes ranked log2-fold change in GSO versus HFD. (B) Gene set enrichment analysis of 35 upregulated genes in HFD versus regular diet (RD) as compared to genes ranked log2-fold change in GSO versus HFD. (C) Heatmap displaying expression level of genes involved in lipid metabolism and hepatic inflammation. Genes up- and down-regulated are depicted in red and blue, respectively. Reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase-chain reaction validation was performed on the target genes of GSO involved in (D) β-oxidation, (F) lipogenesis, and (F) hepatic inflammation.*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 versus HFD. FDR, false discovery rate; mRNA, messenger RNA; NES, normalized enrichment score.