Table 2.
Effect of treatments on muscle strength, repetitions to fail, hormonal parameters; anabolic activity related markers and body fat parameters; safety parameters (serum biochemistry); safety parameters (hematology) (mean ± SD).
| Variable | Fenu-FG (n = 29) | Placebo (n = 26) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End | Baseline | End | |
| Muscle strength and endurance | ||||
| 1RM-bench press (kg) | 87.03 ± 29.48 | 88.24 ± 27.45 | 76.65 ± 22.57 | 82.77 ± 29.40 |
| 1RM-leg press (kg) | 73.41 ± 18.90 | 80.45 ± 21.15*** | 74.73 ± 23.79 | 86.85 ± 26.03*** |
| Repetitions to failure in bench press (n) | 7.21 ± 2.68 | 8.79 ± 2.26*** | 7.12 ± 2.82 | 6.19 ± 1.59 |
| Repetitions to failure in leg press (n) | 8.79 ± 2.11 | 9.31 ± 2.32 | 10.04 ± 3.39 | 9.08 ± 2.51 |
| Serum testosterone measurements | ||||
| Free testosterone (ng/dL) | 17.76 ± 10.98 | 35.29 ± 15.01*** | 21.30 ± 12.24 | 31.70 ± 19.48** |
| Total testosterone (ng/dL) | 404.95 ± 83.57 | 452.60 ± 107.87 | 387.52 ± 86.19 | 421.27 ± 93.36 |
| Anabolic activity related markers | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.14 ± 0.17 | 0.94 ± 0.12*** | 1.06 ± 0.21 | 0.97 ± 0.13 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 28.28 ± 4.69 | 25.62 ± 3.50*** | 26.62 ± 4.31 | 26.42 ± 4.24 |
| Body fat parameters | ||||
| Skinfold thickness-tricep (mm) | 7.48 ± 3.09 | 5.97 ± 2.33** | 7.85 ± 2.44 | 7.20 ± 3.22 |
| Skinfold thickness-thigh (mm) | 9.83 ± 3.37 | 8.39 ± 3.47* | 10.62 ± 3.15 | 9.57 ± 3.11 |
| Skinfold thickness-chest (mm) | 4.86 ± 2.58 | 3.33 ± 1.98** | 5.08 ± 2.26 | 3.21 ± 1.48*** |
| body fat% | 6.30 ± 2.56 | 4.63 ± 2.49** | 6.43 ± 2.34 | 5.15 ± 2.37 |
| Safety parameters (serum biochemistry) | ||||
| Glucose-random (mg/dL) | 87.66 ± 11.92 | 86.86 ± 8.66 | 90.27 ± 12.00 | 88.92 ± 7.04 |
| AST (IU/L) | 25.00 ± 9.47 | 23.72 ± 5.25 | 23.96 ± 5.16 | 23.00 ± 3.39 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 32.93 ± 13.61 | 30.83 ± 10.08 | 30.04 ± 8.86 | 28.12 ± 3.88 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 75.72 ± 18.06 | 78.45 ± 14.45 | 75.31 ± 12.56 | 80.73 ± 14.09* |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | ||||
| Total | 0.95 ± 0.38 | 0.91 ± 0.37 | 0.90 ± 0.23 | 0.88 ± 0.12 |
| Direct | 0.40 ± 0.31 | 0.36 ± 0.30 | 0.38 ± 0.18 | 0.33 ± 0.11 |
| Indirect | 0.56 ± 0.10 | 0.55 ± 0.09 | 0.53 ± 0.09 | 0.56 ± 0.06 |
| Safety parameters (hematology) | ||||
| RBC count (million/mm3) | 4.48 ± 0.23 | 4.49 ± 0.21 | 4.51 ± 0.44 | 4.53 ± 0.42 |
| Hemoglobin (%) | 13.36 ± 0.72 | 13.51 ± 0.66 | 13.46 ± 1.30 | 13.67 ± 1.24 |
| HCT (%) | 40.52 ± 2.13 | 40.79 ± 2.01 | 40.58 ± 3.70 | 41.19 ± 4.01 |
| MCV (femtoliters/cell) | 90.50 ± 2.60 | 88.70 ± 11.26 | 90.10 ± 2.15 | 90.97 ± 2.32 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 32.97 ± 0.64 | 33.12 ± 0.55 | 33.16 ± 0.54 | 33.22 ± 0.78 |
| Total WBC (mm3) | 9706.90 ± 1225.02 | 8562.07 ± 1301.49** | 8903.85 ± 977.13 | 8376.92 ± 1449.77 |
| Platelet count (per μL) | 257,586.21 ± 55,085.98 | 260,068.97 ± 45,566.22 | 255,461.54 ± 4666.74 | 259,846.15 ± 47,848.67 |
Note: Per protocol (PP) population, data were analyzed by paired t test for each parameter.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared to baseline values of corresponding treatment.
Abbreviations: RBC = read blood cells; 1RM = 1 repetition maximum; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; ALT = alanine transaminase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; HCT = hematocrit; MCV = mean corpuscular volume; MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC = white blood cell.