Table 1.

Markers of bone sarcoma stem cells

Marker	Function, clinical relevance	References
Sarcosphere	Chemoresistance (e.i., doxorubicin and cisplatin etc.,) overexpressing Oct3/4, and Stat3	[42, 96]
CD133	Sphere formation, self-renewal ability, multipotency, tumorigenicity, inclusion of SP cells, upregulating stemness genes of Nestin, Sox2, OCT3/4, and Nanog	[15, 20, 21, 25, 26, 37, 48, 75, 106]
CD117/Stro-1	Chemoresistance features, higher level of self-renewal, tumorigenicity, multipotent invasive, metastasis, inducing ABCG2 and CXCR4 overexpression	[24, 39, 71]
ALDH	Differentiation, self-renewal ability, tumorigenicity, metastatic potential, over-expressing Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2, and Stat3	[32, 33, 84]
CD271	Tumorigenicity, self-renewal, differentiation, and the advantage of sarcospheres formation	[27, 28]
Side population	Clonogenicity, drug resistance, self-renewal capacity, and tumor-initiating capacity in CSCs and invasiveness	[44, 45, 83]
CD44	Sphere-forming, invasiveness, Tumorigenic and metastatic property	[39]
MSC antigen Sca-1	Overexpression of Sca-1 and Sox2 cells can be capable of self-renewal in OS-stem cells	[96, 104]
CD248	Tumorigenicity and invasiveness	[26]
ABCA5	Considered as putative biomarkers and overexpressed in spheres	[43]
CD47	Its CD47 blockade was linked to inhibition of tumor growth., invasion, prognostic factor, and immunotherapeutic target	[34, 35]
Oct3/4	Tumorigenic, self-renewal capability and metastatic potential	[33, 84]
ABCG2 and CXCR4	Metastasis-associated marker CXCR4 and drug-resistance marker ABCG2	[38, 39, 71]
Sox2	Tumorigenicity, Sphere formation, invasiveness, and cancer cell migration	[26, 104]
Nestin	CD133, Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, nestin Coexpression of Nes+/CD133+ cells; presence of cells with a stem-like phenotype	[26, 48]