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. 2018 Oct 17;13(10):e0204857. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204857

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© 2018 Akagawa et al

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 4 — [A] Muscle anabolic markers in the 2-week group Combined treatment with ALF and treadmill exercise increases MyoD expression. [B] Muscle catabolic markers in the 2-week group Combined treatment with ALF and treadmill exercise decreases MuRF1 expression, and ALF or treadmill exercise monotherapy for 2 weeks significantly decreases Atrogin-1 or MuRF1 expression compared with that of T2DM control rats. [C] Muscle anabolic markers in the 6-week group There are no significant differences among the groups. [D] Muscle catabolic markers in 6-weeks group Combined treatment with ALF and treadmill exercise significantly decreases Atrogin-1 and REDD1 expressions compared with that of T2DM control rats. ALF monotherapy also significantly decreases Atrogin-1 expression. *: p < 0.05 vs. Cont group by Dunn’s method LETO = Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (non-diabetic control); Cont = control (diabetic control); ALF = alfacalcidol; Exe = exercise; Comb = combination of alfacalcidol and exercise.