Fig. 4. Overexpression of TRPV4 triggered activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. (A) After pretreatment with the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (GSK) or the TRPV4 antagonist HC067047 (HC), the p38 concentration in the culture medium of HEI-OC1 cells was assessed by ELISA. (B) The protein expression of p38 was analyzed by Western blotting. Data represent means±SD from three independent experiments. ^*Indicates differences from euglycemic controls at p<0.05, ^†Indicates differences from euglycemic controls at p<0.01, ^‡Indicates differences from untreated controls at p<0.05, respectively. TRPV4, transient receptor potential vanilloid sub type 4; MSPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.