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. 2018 Oct 17;8:15309. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33499-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Children of all ages have measurable BCG specific CD4+ IFNγ responses, but non-specific responses increase with increasing age. (A) Flow cytometric plots from a representative individual infant showing intracellular IFNγ, IL17 or IL22 cytokine secretion by BCG stimulated CD4+ T cells are shown. (B) Frequencies of IFNγ producing CD4+ T cells, (C) IL22 producing CD4+ T cells or (D) IFNγ producing γδ T cells, as detected by an intracellular cytokine assay following stimulation of whole blood with SEB or BCG for 20 hours, are shown. Horizontal bars represent median values. The dotted line represents a cut-off of 0.01% for a significant response. The Mann-Whitney test was used to calculate p values.