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. 2018 Oct 17;8:15313. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33575-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic illustrations of the 3D spheroid culture of PD-MSCs and the models used to test their effect on ovary function. PD-MSCs isolated from the chorionic plates of human placenta were seeded onto PDMS-based concave microwell arrays for generation of 3D spheroids. For transplantation into ovariectomized rats, spheroidal PD-MSCs and naïve PD-MSCs were directly injected into the remaining ovary. The therapeutic effects of PD-MSCs were assessed by analysis of E₂ production and the expression levels of folliculogenesis-related genes.