Table 3.

Inducing substrates for cellulase and xylanase expression.

Induction of	Type of carbohydrate	Carbon source	Expression level/comment	References
Cellulases	Polysaccharide	Cellulose	Insoluble, high induction	Stricker et al., 2008a; Kubicek et al., 2009; Amore et al., 2013.
	Polysaccharide	Wheat straw	Insoluble, raw plant material, high induction	Bischof et al., 2013
	Disaccharide	Sophorose	Expensive carbon source, high induction	Mandels et al., 1962; Vaheri et al., 1979; Suto and Tomita, 2001
	Disaccharide	Lactose	Medium induction	Mandels and Reese, 1957; Ivanova et al., 2013
	Monosaccharide	l-sorbose	Affects growth of the fungus, high induction	Kawamori et al., 1986; Nogawa et al., 2001
Xylanases	Polysaccharide	xylan	Insoluble, high induction	Zeilinger et al., 1996; Mach and Zeilinger, 2003
	Disaccharide	xylobiose	Soluble degradation product from xylan, consisting of two xylose-monomers	Mach and Zeilinger, 2003; Herold et al., 2013
	Monosaccharide	d-xylose	Induction at low concentrations, at high concentrations repression mediated by CRE1	Zeilinger et al., 1996; Mach-Aigner et al., 2010; Herold et al., 2013
	Monosaccharide	l-arabinose, l-arabitol	Induction at low concentrations	Mach-Aigner et al., 2011; Herold et al., 2013