Table 1.

Applications of MXenes in nanomedicine

Application	Material	Description	Refs.
PTT	Ti3C2, Ti3C2 QDs, Ta4C3, Nb2C, MnOx/Ti3C2, MnOx/Ta4C3	High photothermal conversion performance (Nb2C: η = 36.5% (808 nm) or 46.65% (1064 nm), Ti3C2: η = 30.6%, and Ta4C3 = 44.7%), in vitro and in vivo photothermal ablation of tumor.	45, 49, 51, 52, 131
Synergistic PTT/PDT/chemotherapy	Ti3C2‐DOX	Demonstrating stimuli‐responsive drug‐releasing behavior, superior photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 58.3%), and effective singlet oxygen generation (1O2), achieving effective cancer cell killing and tumor tissue destruction both in vitro and in vivo.	52
PL imaging	Ti3C2 QDs	A biocompatible multicolor cellular imaging probe exhibiting excitation‐dependent PL spectra with quantum yields around 10%.	53
MR imaging	MnOx/Ti3C2, MnOx/Ta4C3	Tumor microenvironment‐responsive (pH‐responsive) contrast agents for T 1‐weighted MR imaging.	46, 51
CT imaging	Ta4C3, MnOx/Ta4C3	High atomic number of Ta component endows Ta4C3 MXene with contrast‐enhanced computed tomography imaging.	46, 47
PA imaging	MnOx/Ti3C2, Ta4C3, MnOx/Ta4C3, Nb2C	High photothermal conversion performance of MXenes enables their potential PA imaging.	46, 47, 49, 51
Biosensing	Ti3C2	MXene‐micropattern‐based FET for probing neural activity, immobilizing hemoglobin (Hb) to fabricate a mediator‐free biosensor, amperometric glucose biosensor.	54, 55, 56, 57
Antimicrobial activity	Ti3C2, PVDF/Ti3C2 membrane	Colloidal Ti3C2Tx solution exhibits antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis.	58, 59
Biosafety/cytotoxicity	Ti3C2, Ta4C3, Nb2C, MnOx/Ti3C2, MnOx/Ta4C3, Fe3O4/Ti3C2, Fe3O4/Ta4C3	Ecotoxicological assessments, cytotoxicities, and in vivo potential biosafety and biocompatibility	45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 78, 129, 132