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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2018 Apr 25;1870(1):2–14. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.009

Figure 3. Metabolic rewiring during cancer progression.

Figure 3

In prostate cancer, elevated sarcosine is associated with metastasis while downregulation of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is associated with castration-resistance. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), elevated glutathione (GSH), dipeptide metabolites, and metabolites from the 1-carbon/folate pathway are associated with metastasis while α-hydroxybutyrate is associated with disease recurrence. Decreased levels of lipids and citrate are observed as lower-grade tumors progress to high-grade ccRCC. In melanoma, trimethyllysine, dimethylarginine, and induction of the 1-carbon/folate pathway are associated with metastasis, while elevated ROS is associated with inhibition of metastasis.