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. 2018 Oct 18;8:15429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33767-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plasmodium falciparum var2csa diversity across a 7 kb region covering the five DBL domains, and 1,249 field isolates. (A) Schematic structure of the var2csa gene including the N-terminal sequence (NTS, blue), 5 Duffy binding like-Domains (DBL, green), 3 Inter-Domains (ID, red) and the Cysteine-Rich Inter-Domain (CIDR, yellow); the lengths in amino acids of the 3D7 reference are presented in parentheses. (B) Accumulation of unique insertions and deletions (InDels) across the var2csa gene. (C) Distribution of nucleotide diversity (π) across the gene and by population. Regions of abnormal (“flat”) nucleotide diversity are highlighted in green (B and C).