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. 2018 Oct 18;9:4328. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06792-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Manipulation of end-to-end distances in GAPDH mRNAs in silico with a genetic algorithm. 106 nucleotides in the 3′ end of the 3′ UTR in GAPDH mRNA are computationally evolved in silico by a genetic algorithm. a End-to-end distance (blue), sequence complexity (red), and base pair probability (green) as functions of iteration number are shown for a single in silico sequence evolution experiment. b Evolution of nucleotide composition in the sequence evolution in silico experiment shown in a. Frequency of adenosine (A), cytidine (C), guanosine (G), and uridine (U) are shown in magenta, blue, red, and green, respectively. c FRET values were measured in wild-type GAPDH mRNA (blue) and the GAPDH mRNA variant with the non-repetitive unstructured (NUS) 106 nucleotide sequence in the 3′ end of the 3′ UTR (red) designed by a genetic algorithm. Each FRET value represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. A star indicates that FRET values are different, as p-values determined by the Student t-test were below 0.05