Table 1.
Adaptation of skeletal muscle fiber type in response to ambient and simulated hypoxia.
| Species | Gender | Age | Hypoxia expsoure | Muscles | Main effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | M | 21–31 y | 40 d, 0 → 8,848 m (decompression chamber) | VL | X vs. Before | Green et al., 1989 |
| M | 23 y | 3 w at 4,300 m (ambient hypoxia) | VL | X vs. before | Green et al., 1992 | |
| 18 y | High-altitude native Tibetans | VL | X vs. Nepalese lowlanders | Kayser et al., 1996 | ||
| M | 24.2 y | High-altitude natives of La Paz (Bolivia) | VL | No comparison with lowlanders | Desplanches et al., 1996 | |
| M, F | 22–31 y | 8 w at 4,100 m (El Alto, Bolivia) | VL | X vs. Before | Juel et al., 2003 | |
| M | 26–37 y | High-altitude natives of la Paz/El Alto (Bolivia) | VL | X vs. Caucasian lowlanders | ||
| M | 39 y | 23 d at > 5,000 m (expedition in the Himalayas) | VL | ↑ % FI and ↓ % FIIA, ↑ % MHC1 and ↓ % MHC2A vs. Before | Doria et al., 2011 | |
| Rat | F | Developing | 6 w at 5,100 m (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL | X vs. CT | Sillau and Banchero, 1977 |
| GAS, TA | ↑ % FII and ↓ % FI vs. CT | |||||
| 7 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FOG and ↓ % SO vs. CT | Itoh et al., 1988 | |||
| M | 4 w | 10 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FOG and ↓ % SO vs. CT | Itoh et al., 1990 | |
| EDL | ↑ % FOG and ↓ % FG vs. CT | |||||
| M | 5–6 w | 14 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | X vs. CT | Bigard et al., 1991 | |
| EDL | ↑ % FIIA/IIB vs. CT | |||||
| PLA (deep) | ↑ % FIIA/IIB and ↓ % FIIA vs. CT | |||||
| M, F | Born in hypoxia | 30 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FOG and ↓ % SO vs. CT | Hirofuji et al., 1992 | |
| M | 5 w | 7 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FOG vs. CT | Itoh et al., 1992 | |
| M | 3 w | 12 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FOG and ↓ % SO vs. CT | Itoh et al., 1995 | |
| M | 5, 10, and 15 w | 5 w at 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↓ % SO and ↓ % MHC1 in younger rats (5 and 10 w) vs. CT | Ishihara et al., 1995 | |
| M | 8 w | 8 w at 2,250–2,550 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | EDL | X vs. CT | Perhonen et al., 1996 | |
| M | 5 and 10 w | 4,000 m (hypobaric hypoxia): 5 w for younger rats, 10 w for older rats | EDL | ↑ % FOG and ↓ % FG in younger rats vs. CT, X in older rats vs. CT | Ishihara et al., 2000 | |
| M | 3–4 w | 4 w at 5,500 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FIIA and ↓ % FI, ↑ % MHC2A and ↓ % MHC1 vs. CT | Bigard et al., 2000 | |
| PLA | ↓ % FI and FIIA, ↑ % FIIB vs. CT | |||||
| M | 5–6 w | 3 w at 4,000 m (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL, EDL, TA | X vs. CT | Deveci et al., 2001 | |
| M | 11 w | 4 w at 5,500 m (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FIIA and ↓ % FI vs. CT | Faucher et al., 2005 | |
| EDL | ↓ % FIIX vs. CT | |||||
| F | 8–9 w | 53 d at 5,500 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | PLA | X vs. CT | Chaillou et al., 2013 | |
| F | 8–9 w | 35 d at 5,500 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | SOL | X vs. CT | Chaillou et al., 2014 | |
| M | 7 w | 7.5 h/d (11.5% O2) for 2 d or 4 d (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL | X vs. CT | Nguyen et al., 2016 | |
| TA | X vs. CT | |||||
| GH | In single fibers: ↓% MHC2A, ↑% MHC2A/2B, and ↑% MHC2B vs. CT | |||||
| Mouse | M | 4, 12, and 52 w | 3 w at 8% O2 (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FI/IIA and ↓ % FIIA in young mice vs. CT | Slot et al., 2016 |
| EDL | X vs. CT | |||||
| M | 8–10 w | 4 w at 10 % O2 (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↓ % FIIX and FIIB vs. CT | Shin et al., 2016 | |
| GAS | ↑ % FIIA, ↓ % FIIX and FIIB vs. CT | |||||
| High-altitude native mice | GAS | ↑ % FI vs. low-altitude native mice | Scott et al., 2015 | |||
| M, F | Adult | High-altitude native mice bred and raised in N | GAS | ↑ % FI vs. low-altitude native mice | Lui et al., 2015 | |
| 6–8 w at 4,300 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | GAS | X vs. CT | ||||
| M, F | Adult | High-altitude native mice bred and raised in N | Core GAS | X vs. low-altitude native mice | Mahalingam et al., 2017 | |
| 6–10 w at 4,300 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | Core GAS | ↓ % FI vs. CT | ||||
| M, F | 6–12 mo | High-altitude native mice bred and raised in N | DIA | X vs. low-altitude native mice | Dawson et al., 2018 | |
| 6–8 w at 4,300 m (hypobaric hypoxia) | DIA | ↓ % FIIA vs. CT | ||||
| M | 7 w | 4 w at 10 % O2 (normobaric hypoxia) | SOL | ↑ % FII and ↓ % FI vs. CT | O'Brien et al., 2018 |
M, male; F, female; y, year; mo, month, w, week; d, day; m, meter; N, normoxia; VL, vastus lateralis muscle; SOL, soleus muscle; GAS, gastrocnemius muscle; TA, tibialis anterior muscle; EDL, extensor digitorum longus muscle; PLA, plantaris muscle; GH, geniohyoid muscle; DIA, diaphragm muscle; X, not significantly different; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; CT, control group; FI, type-I fiber; FIIA, type-IIA fiber; FIIA/IIB, type-IIA/IIB fiber; FIIX, type-IIX fiber; FIIB, type-IIB fiber; SO, Slow-twitch oxidative fiber; FOG, fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fiber; FG, Fast-twitch glycolytic fiber; MHC1, myosin heavy chain 1; MHC2A, myosin heavy chain 2A; MHC2A/2B, myosin heavy chain 2A/2B; MHC2B, myosin heavy chain 2B. The age of the animals presented in the table corresponds to the age at the beginning of the experiments.