Table 2.
Adaptation of skeletal muscle fiber type under conditions of pathological hypoxia.
| Disease | Species | Gender | Characteristics/model | Age | Muscles | Main effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COPD | Human | M | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 62%) | 66 y | QUA | ↓% FI and ↑% FIIX vs. CT. After haemodilution, ↑% FI and ↓ % FIIX | Hildebrand et al., 1991 |
| M | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: <70%) | 65 y | VL | ↑ % MHC2X vs. CT | Satta et al., 1997 | ||
| M, F | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 33%) | 59 y | DIA | ↑ % MHC1 and FI, ↓ % MHC2A, ↓ % MHC2X and FIIX vs. CT | Levine et al., 1997 | ||
| M, F | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 37%) | 65 y | VL | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FIIX vs. CT | Whittom et al., 1998 | ||
| M | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 31%) | 65 y | VL | ↓ % MHC1 and ↑ % MHC2A vs. CT | Maltais et al., 1999 | ||
| M | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 55%) | 63 y | DEL | X vs. CT | Gea et al., 2001 | ||
| M, F | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 65%) | 65 y | DIA | ↑ % FI and ↓ % FIIA vs. CT | Doucet et al., 2004 | ||
| VL | X vs. CT | ||||||
| M, F | Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II-IV (predicted FEV1: ~40%) | 58–67 y | QUA | ↑ % FIIX vs. CT | Remels et al., 2007 | ||
| M, F | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 41%) | 68 y | VL | ↓ % FI, ↑ % FIIA and ↑ % FIIX vs. CT | Natanek et al., 2013 | ||
| M | Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage III-IV (predicted FEV1: 26–36%) | 66 y | VL | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FII vs. CT | Thériault et al., 2014 | ||
| M, F | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 57 % in nonsarcopenic COPD, 42% in sarcopenic COPD) | Sarcopenic: 68 y; nonsarcopenic: 65 y | VL | ↓ % FI, ↑ % FII vs. CT. ↓ % FI in sarcopenic COPD vs. nonsarcopenic COPD | van de Bool et al., 2016 | ||
| M, F | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 39 % in F, 40 % in M) | F: 63 y; M: 66 y | VL | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FII vs. CT | Ausin et al., 2017 | ||
| M | Stable COPD (predicted FEV1: 42 % in nonsarcopenic COPD, 29 % in sarcopenic COPD) | Sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic: 65 y | VL | ↓ % FI vs. CT. ↑ % FIIA/IIX in sarcopenic COPD vs. CT | Kapchinsky et al., 2018 | ||
| CHF | Human | M | Coronary artery disease or cardiomaopathy | 57 y | GAS | ↑ % FIIX vs. CT | Mancini et al., 1989 |
| M | Left ventricular systolic dysfunction | 58 y | VL | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FIIX vs. CT | Sullivan et al., 1990 | ||
| M | Coronary artery disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy | 56 y | VL | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FII vs. CT | Drexler et al., 1992 | ||
| M, F | Ischemic heart disease or dilated cardiomyopathy | 58 y | VL | ↑ % FIIx vs. CT | Schaufelberger et al., 1995 | ||
| M, F | Left ventricular systolic dysfunction | 48 y | VL | ↓ % FI, ↑ % FIIX vs. CT | Lindsay et al., 1996 | ||
| DIA | X vs. CT | ||||||
| PEC | ↓ % FI vs. CT | ||||||
| STE | X vs. CT | ||||||
| M | Left ventricular systolic dysfunction | 61 y | VL | ↓ % MHC1 and ↑ % MHC2X vs. CT | Sullivan et al., 1997 | ||
| M, F | Dilated cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease | 50 y | DIA | ↑ % MHC1 and ↓ % MHC2X vs. CT | Tikunov et al., 1997 | ||
| M, F | CHF with preserved ejection fraction | 70 y | VL | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FII vs. CT | Kitzman et al., 2014 | ||
| Mouse | Dilated cardiomyopathy model: deletion mutation K210 in cardiac troponin T gene | 2 m | QUA | ↓ mRNA levels of Myh7 and Myh2, ↑ mRNA levels of Myh4 vs. CT | Okada et al., 2015 | ||
| SOL | ↓ mRNA levels of Myh7, ↑ mRNA levels of Myh4 vs. CT | ||||||
| Rat | F | Ligation of the left main coronary artery | Adult | SOL | X vs. CT | Delp et al., 1997 | |
| PLA | ↓ % FIIX and ↑ % FIIB vs. CT | ||||||
| F | Dahl salt-sensitive rats with high-salt diet | 35 w | SOL | X vs. CT | Bowen et al., 2015 | ||
| DIA | ↑ % FI, ↓ % FIIA vs. CT | ||||||
| M | Obese diabetic ZSF1 rats (preserved ejection fraction) | 20 w | DIA | ↑ % FI, ↓ % FII vs. CT | Bowen et al., 2017 | ||
| Minipig | M | Pacing-induced supraventricular tachycardia | 6 m | DIA | ↑ % FI, ↓ % FIIA vs. CT | Howell et al., 1995 | |
| LD | X vs. CT | ||||||
| OSAS | Human | Laryngeal carcinoma in situ with total laryngectomy | 56 y | MPCM | ↓ % FI, ↑ % FIIA vs. CT | Ferini-Strambi et al., 1998 | |
| VL | X vs. CT | ||||||
| M, F | Recently diagnosed | 39 y | TA | Slight ↑ % FIIX and FIIA/IIX vs. CT | Wåhlin Larsson et al., 2008 | ||
| M | severe OSAS | 40 y | PAL | ↓ levels of MHC1 | Chen et al., 2016 | ||
| Rat | 15 s 6–8% O2, 10–14% CO2 /15 s N, 8 h/ d, 5d/ w for 5 w | GH | ↓ % FI and ↑ % FIIB vs. CT | McGuire et al., 2002 | |||
| STER | ↑ % FI, ↑ % FIIA, ↓ % FIIB vs. CT | ||||||
| M | 15 s 0 % O2/15 s N, 8 h/ d, 5d/ w for 5 w | SOL | X vs. CT | McGuire et al., 2003 | |||
| EDL | Slight ↑ % FIIA vs. CT | ||||||
| M | 240 s 10.3 % O2 /240 s N, 7.5 h/ d, for 4 d | Adult | GH | Single fibers: transition from MHC2A to MHC2B | Pae et al., 2005 | ||
| DIA | X vs. CT | ||||||
| STE | Single fibers: transition from MHC2A/2B to MHC2B | ||||||
| M | 90 s 5% O2 /90 s N, 8 h/d, for 7 d | Adult | STE | X vs. CT | Shortt et al., 2013 | ||
| DIA | ↓ % FI, ↑ % FIIB vs. CT | ||||||
| SOL | X vs. CT | ||||||
| EDL | X vs. CT | ||||||
| M | 4 min 10.3% O2/4 min N, 7.5 h/d, for 2 or 4 d | 7 w | SOL | X vs. CT | Nguyen et al., 2016 | ||
| TA | X vs. CT |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; M, male; F, female; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; ZSF1, Zucker fatty/spontaneously hypertensive heart failure F1 hybrid; y, year; m, month; w, week; d, day; s, second; N, normoxia; QUA, quadriceps muscle; VL, vastus lateralis muscle; DIA, diaphragm muscle; DEL, deltoid muscle; GAS, gastrocnemius muscle; PEC, pectoralis muscle; STE, sternohyoid muscle; LD, latissimus dorsi muscle; PAL, palatopharyngeus muscle; SOL, soleus muscle; TA, tibialis anterior muscle; EDL, extensor digitorum longus muscle; GH geniohyoid muscle; MPCM, medium pharyngeal constrictor muscle; X, not significantly different; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; CT, control group; FI, type-I fiber; FIIA, type-IIA fiber; FIIX, type-IIX fiber; FIIB, type-IIB fiber; FIIA/IIX, type-IIA/IIX fiber; MHC1, myosin heavy chain 1; MHC2A, myosin heavy chain 2A; MHC2X, myosin heavy chain 2X; MHC2B, myosin heavy chain 2B; MHC2A/2B, myosin heavy chain 2A/2B; Myh7, myosin heavy chain 7 (encoding MHCI); Myh2, myosin heavy chain 2 (encoding MHCIIA); Myh4, myosin heavy chain 4 (encoding MHCIIB).