Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by development of diabetes during follow-up.
| Total | Incident diabetes | Controlsb | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 1,892 | 256 | 1,636 | |
| Median follow-up, yrs (IQR) | 6.1 (5.0–8.0) | 6.9 (5.5–9.6) | 6.0 (5.0–7.6) | <0.01 |
| Mean age, years (SD) | 36.4 (15.5) | 39.2 (14.1) | 36.0 (15.7) | <0.01 |
| No. Female (%) | 1,140 (60.3) | 146 (57.0) | 994 (60.8) | 0.26 |
| Center (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Arizona | 195 (10.3) | 48 (18.8) | 147 (9.0) | |
| Oklahoma | 796 (42.1) | 92 (35.9) | 704 (43.0) | |
| North/South Dakota | 901 (47.6) | 116 (45.3) | 785 (48.0) | |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 30.4 (7.3) | 35.7 (8.5) | 29.6 (6.7) | <0.01 |
| Mean fasting glucose, mmol/L (SD) | 5.2 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.5) | <0.01 |
| Mean fasting insulin, pmol/L (SD) | 115.3 (114.6) | 182.7 (150.0) | 104.9 (104.2) | <0.01 |
| Median HOMA-IR (IQR) | 2.7 (1.7–4.6) | 5.0 (3.3–8.3) | 2.5 (1.6–4.1) | <0.01 |
| Median HOMA-B (IQR) | 155.2 (104.2–246.0) | 201.0 (134.1–335.8) | 148.7 (99.5–231.3) | <0.01 |
| Median cHOMA-Ba (IQR) | 186.1 (153.3–235.9) | 158.1 (109.1–219.1) | 188.6 (157.4–237.3) | <0.01 |
aCorrected HOMA-B; Sum of residuals adjusted for HOMA-IR and mean HOMA-B. bControls are individuals that did not develop diabetes at follow-up.