Table 3.
Adjusted Effect of ICU Status on Carb-NS Rates: Overall and by Onset, Source, and Pathogen
| Characteristic or Pathogen | ICU | Non-ICU | ICU vs Non-ICU: Model-Estimated ORa |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS | Tested | NS% | NS | Tested | NS% | OR | 95% CI | P Value | ||
| Overall | 4354 | 80 310 | 5.4 | 6344 | 231 765 | 2.7 | 1.35 | 1.17 | 1.56 | <.0001 |
| Onset | ||||||||||
| Admission | 2012 | 54 795 | 3.7 | 3594 | 182 289 | 2.0 | 1.53 | 1.32 | 1.78 | <.0001 |
| Hospital | 2342 | 25 515 | 9.2 | 2750 | 49 476 | 5.6 | 1.19 | 1.03 | 1.39 | .0223 |
| Source | ||||||||||
| Blood | 311 | 11 351 | 2.7 | 277 | 19 148 | 1.4 | 1.34 | 1.09 | 1.65 | .0062 |
| Intra-abdominal | 68 | 2076 | 3.3 | 73 | 4825 | 1.5 | 1.54 | 1.06 | 2.23 | .0236 |
| Other sources | 138 | 2106 | 6.6 | 224 | 5863 | 3.8 | 1.66 | 1.27 | 2.17 | .0002 |
| Respiratory | 2234 | 20 316 | 11.0 | 1541 | 12 462 | 12.4 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 1.08 | .3423 |
| Skin/wound | 732 | 9041 | 8.1 | 1789 | 39 548 | 4.5 | 1.63 | 1.40 | 1.91 | <.0001 |
| Urine | 871 | 35 420 | 2.5 | 2440 | 149 919 | 1.6 | 1.18 | 1.02 | 1.36 | .0292 |
| Pathogen | ||||||||||
| Enterobacteriaceae | 1263 | 65 684 | 1.9 | 1964 | 200 097 | 1.0 | 1.59 | 1.44 | 1.75 | <.0001 |
| E. coli | 153 | 32 685 | 0.5 | 305 | 116 735 | 0.3 | 1.70 | 1.38 | 2.09 | <.0001 |
| K. pneumoniae | 612 | 14 084 | 4.3 | 763 | 34 369 | 2.2 | 1.82 | 1.60 | 2.08 | <.0001 |
| P. mirabilis | 36 | 6749 | 0.5 | 95 | 19 836 | 0.5 | 1.03 | 0.70 | 1.53 | .8747 |
| E. cloacae | 241 | 3716 | 6.5 | 455 | 9255 | 4.9 | 1.23 | 1.03 | 1.47 | .0237 |
| K. oxytoca | 24 | 2046 | 1.2 | 41 | 5376 | 0.8 | 1.35 | 0.81 | 2.27 | .2526 |
| S. marcescens | 79 | 2477 | 3.2 | 97 | 4076 | 2.4 | 1.36 | 0.99 | 1.86 | .0570 |
| E. aerogenes | 84 | 1756 | 4.8 | 134 | 3331 | 4.0 | 1.18 | 0.88 | 1.59 | .2671 |
| M. morganii | 5 | 1161 | 0.4 | 16 | 3705 | 0.4 | 0.94 | 0.34 | 2.57 | .8995 |
| C. freundii | 29 | 1010 | 2.9 | 58 | 3414 | 1.7 | 1.61 | 1.02 | 2.56 | .0427 |
| P. aeruginosa | 2544 | 13 250 | 19.2 | 3712 | 29 630 | 12.5 | 1.55 | 1.41 | 1.70 | <.0001 |
| Acinetobacter spp. | 547 | 1376 | 39.8 | 668 | 2038 | 32.8 | 1.38 | 1.15 | 1.66 | .0006 |
Abbreviations: Carb, carbapenem; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; NS, nonsusceptible; OR, odds ratio.
aEffect of ICU status adjusted using generalized linear mixed models. Adjusting variables include onset, source, pathogen, and hospital characteristics (teaching status, bed size, urban/rural, geographic region).