Table 2.
Polymorphisms investigated in African studies
| Author | Gene (chromosome region) | Polymorphism | Minor allele frequency: case/control (%) | Genotyping method | HWE | Adjustment | Effect estimate OR/ HR (95% CI) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tayo et al. [29] | APOL1 (22q12.3) | rs9622363 | A: 25.86/29.75 | Custom Fluidigm ™ 96.96 array platform; TaqMan genotyping assay | 0.788 | Age Gender |
OR (additive): 0.76 (0.45 to1.31); p = 0.875 OR (dominant): 0.88 (0.47 to 1.66); p = 0.999 OR (recessive): 0.24 (0.05 to 1.29); p = 0.377 |
CKD |
| rs73885319 | A: 44.19/26.58 | 1.00 | OR (additive): 2.29 (1.39 to 3.77); p = 0.005 OR (dominant): 2.59 (1.34 to 5.00); p = 0.025 OR (recessive): 3.85 (1.31 to 11.36); p = 0.038 |
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| rs60910145 | G: 50.00/30.13 | 0.114 | OR (additive): 2.04 (1.32 to 3.17); p = 0.006 OR (dominant): 2.54 (1.31 to 4.92); p = 0.034 OR (recessive): 3.12 (1.35 to 7.20); p = 0.015 |
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| G2: rs71785313 | D: 8.62/12.66 | 1.00 | OR (additive): 0.61 (0.29 to 1.31); p = 0.701 OR (dominant): 0.64 (0.29 to 1.40); p = 0.816 OR (recessive): NS |
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| G1: rs73885319 and rs60910145 | 44.19/26.92 (A-G haplotype) | OR (additive): 2.25 (1.36 to 3.71); p = 0.005 OR (dominant): 2.52 (1.30 to 4.88); p = 0.051 OR (recessive): 3.80 (1.29 to 11.22); p = 0.026 |
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| 50.00/69.87 (G-T haplotype) | OR (additive): 0.49 (0.32 to 0.76); p = 0.005 OR (dominant): 0.32 (0.14 to 0.73); p = 0.018 OR (recessive): 0.40 (0.21 to 0.77); p = 0.031 |
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| MYH9 (22q12.3) | rs11912763 | A: 38.51/27.22 | 1.00 | OR (additive): 1.68 (1.02 to 2.76); p = 0.197 OR (dominant): 2.03 (1.06 to 3.87); p = 0.183 OR (recessive): 1.70 (0.58 to 4.94); p = 0.872 |
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| rs2032487 | T: 18.39/26.28 | 0.770 | OR (additive): 0.68 (0.40 to 1.16); p = 0.580 OR (dominant): 0.64 (0.33 to 1.23); p = 0.645 OR (recessive): 0.55 (0.14 to 2.22); p = 0.934 |
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| rs4821481 | T: 18.39/26.58 | 0.777 | OR (additive): 0.66 (0.39 to 1.13); p = 0.532 OR (dominant): 0.61 (0.32 to 1.18); p = 0.583 OR (recessive): 0.55 (0.14 to 2.24); p = 0.940 |
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| rs5750248 | C: 25.86/36.08 | 1.00 | OR (additive): 0.61 (0.37 to 0.99); p = 0.225 OR (dominant): 0.56 (0.29 to 1.05); p = 0.354 OR (recessive): 0.46 (0.15 to 1.41); p = 0.627 |
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| rs5750250 | A: 26.16/37.97 | 0.635 | OR (additive): 0.56 (0.34 to 0.94); p = 0.141 OR (dominant): 0.51 (0.27 to 0.97); p = 0.208 OR (recessive): 0.44 (0.14 to 1.38); p = 0.576 |
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| Ulasi et al. [30] | APOL1 (22q12.3) | G1: rs73885319 and rs60910145 G2: rs71785313 |
59/30 20/23 |
PCR-sequencing; PCR-RFLP | NS | Age Gender BMI HIV |
OR: 4.8 (1.6 to 14.9); p = 5.1E-03 | CKD |
| Matsha et al. [28] | MYH9 (22q12.3) | rs5756152 | G: 12.4 (overall) | PCR-sequencing; TaqMan genotyping assay | > 0.999 | Age Gender Diabetes ACR |
OR (additive): − 2.3 (− 5.6 to 0.9); p = 0.16 OR (additive): 1.91 (− 1.32 to 5.15); p = 0.25 OR (additive): 1.83 (− 1.23 to 4.89); p = 0.24 OR (additive): − 1.6 (− 18.9 to 15.6); p = 0.85 |
Serum creatinine eGFR(MDRD) eGFR (CKD-EPI) ACR |
| rs4821480 | T: 30.3 (overall) | 0.053 | NS | |||||
| rs12107 | A: 22.2 (overall) | 0.908 | OR (additive): 0.4 (− 2.2 to 2.9); p = 0.78 OR (additive): − 0.07 (− 2.61 to 2.46); p = 0.95 OR (additive): 0.13 (− 2.27 to 2.54); p = 0.91 OR (additive): 1.0 (− 12.6 to 14.5); p = 0.90 |
Serum creatinine eGFR(MDRD) eGFR (CKD-EPI) ACR |
||||
| Matsha et al. [27] |
APOL1
(22q12.3) |
rs73885319 | G: 3.6 (overall) | PCR-sequencing; TaqMan genotyping assay |
0.150 | Age Gender Diabetes Hypertension |
OR (additive): -0.018 (-0.069 to 0.0034); p=0.503 OR (dominant): -0.026 (-0.080 to 0.028); p=0.341 OR (recessive): 0.191 (-0.094 to 0.478); p=0.189 |
Serum creatinine |
| OR (additive): 0.99 (-4.42 to 6.40); p=0.720 OR (dominant): 1.75 (-9.93 to 7.44); p=0.546 OR (recessive): -18.54 (-48.59 to 11.51); p=0.227 |
eGFR(MDRD) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 2.07 (-2.40 to 6.55); p=0.364 OR (dominant): 2.96 (-1.74 to 7.66); p=0.217 OR (recessive): -18.90 (-43.76 to 5.96); p=0.136 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 0.76 (0.27 to 2.16); p=0.601 OR (dominant): 0.56 (0.18 to 1.79); p=0.307 OR (recessive): 23.47 (0.92 to 599.29); p=0.074 |
CKD (MDRD) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 1.08 (0.38 to 3.03); p=0.887 OR (dominant): 0.81 (0.26 to 2.54); p=0.720 OR (recessive): 42.72 (1.22 to ∞); p=0.047 |
CKD (CKD-EPI) | |||||||
| OR (additive): -0.126 (-0.446 to 0.195); p=0.442 OR (dominant): -0.096 (-0.436 to 0.245); p=0.583 OR (recessive): -1.02 (-2.62 to 0.57); p=0.210 |
ACR | |||||||
| rs60919145 | G: 3.4 (overall) | 0.127 | OR (additive): -0.020 (-0.072 to 0.033); p=0.466 OR (dominant): -0.029 (-0.084 to 0.026); p=0.307 OR (recessive): 0.192 (-0.094 to 0.478); p=0.289 |
Serum creatinine | ||||
| OR (additive): 1.26 (-4.27 to 6.79); p=0.656 OR (dominant): 2.09 (-3.73 to 7.91); p=0.482 OR (recessive): -18.54 (-48.59 to 11.51); p=0.227 |
eGFR(MDRD) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 2.28 (-2.29 to 6.86); p=0.328 OR (dominant): 3.24 (-1.57 to 8.06); p=0.187 OR (recessive): -18.90 (-43.76 to 5.96); p=0.136 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 0.80 (0.28 to 2.27); p=0.665 OR (dominant): 0.59 (0.18 to 1.89); p=0.350 OR (recessive): 23.47 (0.92 to 599.29); p=0.074 |
CKD (MDRD) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 1.12 (0.39 to 3.16); p=0.836 OR (dominant): 0.84 (0.27 to 2.65); p=0.767 OR (recessive): 42.72 (1.22 to ∞); p=0.047 |
CKD (CKD-EPI) | |||||||
| OR (additive): -0.178 (-0.504 to 0.147); p=0.283 OR (dominant): -0.154 (-0.502 to 0.193); p=0.384 OR (recessive): -1.02 (-2.62 to 0.57); p=0.210 |
ACR | |||||||
| rs71785313 | Del: 5.8 (overall) | 0.420 | OR (additive): 0.019 (-0.022 to 0.060); p=0.367 OR (dominant): -0.020 (-0.024 to 0.064); p=0.382 OR (recessive): 0.038 (-0.144 to 0.219); p=0.684 |
Serum creatinine | ||||
| OR (additive): -2.38 (-6.68 to 1.93); p=0.323 OR (dominant): -2.35 (-6.99 to 2.30); p=0.323 OR (recessive): -7.16 (-26.19 to 11.87); p=0.461 |
eGFR(MDRD) | |||||||
| OR (additive): -2.91 (-6.46 to 0.65); p=0.110 OR (dominant): -3.03 (-6.88 to 0.81); p=0.123 OR (recessive): -5.99 (-21.74 to 9.76); p=0.456 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 0.86 (0.39 to 1.93); p=0.712 OR (dominant): 0.91 (0.38 to 2.14); p=0.823 OR (recessive): 0.0 |
CKD (MDRD) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 1.00 (0.42 to 2.34); p=0.993 OR (dominant): 1.07 (0.43 to 2.66); p=0.890 OR (recessive): 0.0 |
CKD (CKD-EPI) | |||||||
| OR (additive): 0.035 (-0.207 to 0.277); p=0.777 OR (dominant): 0.050 (-0.214 to 0.314); p=0.710 OR (recessive): -1.123 (-1.134 to 0.888); p=0.811 |
ACR | |||||||
| Lahrach et al. [21] |
apoE
(19q13.32) |
e2 (rs7412-T, rs429358-T) |
3.0/6.0 | PCR-sequencing; gelelectrophoresis |
NS | None | OR (NS): 0.473 (0.181 to 1.235); p=0.093 | ESRD |
| e3 (rs7412-C, rs429358-T |
73.0/82.0 (Reference) |
Reference group | ||||||
| e4 (rs7412-C, rs429358-C) |
24.0/12.0 | OR (NS): 0.491 (0.277 to 0.870); p=0.009 (UA) | ||||||
| Hanna et al. [19] | AT1R (3q24) | A1166C | C: 86.0/83.0 | PCR-RFLP | NS | Age Gender |
HR (NS): 1.254 (0.658 to 2.389); p=0.491 | ESRD |
| Kerkeni et al. [20] |
eNOS
(7q36.1) |
G894T (exon7) | T: 27.0/22.1 | PCR-RFLP | Satisfied HWE (p-value NS) |
Age Gender Smoking Hypertension Dyslipidaemia Cholesterol Homocysteine MTHFR C677T eNOS G894T |
EE not reported; p=0.028 (difference in allele frequency) |
CKD |
| Elshamaa et al. [18] |
eNOS
(7q36.1) |
4a (intron4) | CT and MHD/controls: 32.8 and 33.7/22.7 CT and MHD/controls: 67.2 and 66.3/78.3 |
PCR-sequencing; gelelectrophoresis |
Satisfied HWE (p-value NE) |
Age Hypertension SBP DBP Serum NO |
EE not reported; p<0.05 (patient groups vs control) | Advanced CKD (ESRD) |
| Radwan et al. [22] | XPD (9) | Asp312Asn | Asn: 35.0/36.0 | PCR-RFLP | Satisfied HWE (p-value NE) |
NS | OR (NS): 0.93 (0.53 to 1.64); p=0.93 | ESRD |
| Lys751Gln | Gln: 37.0/37.0 | OR (NS): 0.98 (0.55 to 1.74); p=0.94 | ||||||
| XRCC1 (NS) | Arg399Gln | Gln: 34.0/19.0 | OR (NS): 2.48 (1.36 to 4.52); p=0.002 | |||||
| Rezk et al. [23] |
Renalase
(10q23.21) |
rs2296545 | C: 28.7/16.3 C: 29.4/16.3 (hypertensive CKD/controls) |
PCR-RFLP | Satisfied HWE (p-value NE) |
NS | OR: 2.14 (1.07 to 4.26); p=0.04 OR: 2.10 (1.07 to 4.26); p=0.041 (hypertensive CKD/controls) |
CKD Hypertensive CKD |
| Abdallah et al. [26] |
Renalase
(10q23.21) |
rs2576178 | G: 56/16 | PCR-sequencing; gelelectrophoresis |
NS | NS | OR: 7.188 (3.5 to 14.7); p<0.05 | ESRD |
| rs10887800 | G: 26/12 | OR: 12.3 (5.6 to 27.1); p<0.05 | ||||||
| Elshamaa et al. [25] |
ADIPOQ
(3q27.3) |
rs1501299G>T; | T: 18.6/10.7 T (CT/MHD): 15.6/20.7 |
PCR-sequencing; gelelectrophoresis |
Satisfied HWE (p-value NE) |
NS | p=0.04 (TT genotype distribution between cases and controls) | Advanced CKD (ESRD) |
| rs2241766T>G | G: 0.0/0.0 G (CT/MHD): 0.0/0.0 |
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| Elhelbawy et al. [24] |
CCR2
(3q21.31) |
G190A | G: 75.7/90.0 A: 24.3/10.0 |
PCR-RFLP | NS | NS | OR: 2.8 (1.40 to 5.51); p<0.05 OR: 4.1 (1.27 to 13.03); p<0.05 OR: 2.9 (1.14 to 7.3); p<0.05 |
CKD |
ACR albumin/creatinine ratio, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, CRF chronic renal failure, CT conservative treatment, DBP diastolic blood pressure, EE effect estimate, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ESRD end-stage renal disease, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HR hazard ratio, HWE Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, MAF minor allele frequency, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, MHD maintenance hemodialysis, NO nitric oxide, NS not specified, OR odds ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, UA unadjusted