Table 2.
Standardized Coefficients Obtained From Multiple Regression Analyses Predicting QOL Scores from Health Literacy Levels and Characteristics without and with Controlling for Covariate
| Independent Variable(s) | Unadjusted Modela(N = 1774) | Fully adjusted Modelb(N = 1774) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b(SE) | P-Value | b(SE) | P-Value | |
| Health literacy levels | ||||
| low | −12.7 (1.1) | < 0.0001 | −9.3 (1.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Medium | −6.8 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | −5.0 (0.9) | < 0.0001 |
| high | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | −3.5 (0.8) | < 0.0001 | −4.5 (0.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Grade | ||||
| 7th | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 8th | 1.3 (1.0) | 0.1845 | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.0766 |
| 9th | −3.0 (1.0) | 0.0035 | −1.8 (0.9) | 0.0494 |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Urban | 2.8 (0.8) | 0.0007 | 1.8 (0.9) | 0.0494 |
| Only child | ||||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| No | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.4630 | −0.1 (0.8) | 0.9349 |
| Father’s education level | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Medium | 2.8 (0.9) | 0.0037 | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.4498 |
| High | 4.2 (1.4) | 0.0027 | −0.4 (1.5) | 0.8149 |
| Mother’s education level | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Medium | 4.1 (0.9) | < 0.0001 | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.0184 |
| High | 4.2 (1.5) | 0.0069 | 2.2 (1.6) | 0.1868 |
| Economic status | ||||
| Poor | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Medium | 8.6 (1.2) | < 0.0001 | 4.2 (1.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Good | 12.5 (1.5) | < 0.0001 | 6.0 (1.4) | 0.0001 |
| Family relationship | ||||
| Poor | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Neutral l | 10.8 (1.9) | < 0.0001 | 9.9 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Harmonious | 21.7 (1.8) | < 0.0001 | 18.8 (1.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Perception of school achievement | ||||
| Bad | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Medium | 6.2 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | 4.0 (0.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Fair | 7.5 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | 4.2 (0.9) | < 0.0001 |
a Unadjusted model: multiple linear regression models with QOL scores as the dependent variable, health literacy levels as the independent variable, adjusting for no characteristic
b Fully adjusted model: adjusting for all covariates, including sex, grade, place of residence, whether an only child, parents’ education level, household income, family relationship, student’s perception of school achievement, and health literacy levels