Table 4.
Effects of neighborhood variables and correlates on self-reported use of acute or emergency health care services, n = 424
| Variablea | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression Coefficient | p-value | Regression Coefficient | p-value | Regression Coefficient | p-value | Regression Coefficient | p-value | |
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |||||
| Intercept | −0.31 (− 0.53, − 0.10) | 0.003 | − 0.34 (− 0.53, − 0.14) | 0.001 | −0.33 (− 0.53, − 0.14) | 0.001 | −0.34 (− 0.54, − 0.14) | 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||
| Male | −0.07 (−0.15, 0.15) | 0.52 | 0.12 (−0.11, 0.35) | 0.30 | 0.12 (−0.11, 0.35) | 0.32 | 0.12 (−0.11, 0.35) | 0.32 |
| Age | −0.03*** (− 0.02, − 0.02) | < 0.001 | −0.04*** (− 0.05, − 0.02) | < 0.001 | −0.03*** (− 0.05, − 0.02) | < 0.001 | −0.04*** (− 0.05, − 0.02) | < 0.001 |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||
| Black | 0.01 (−0.27, 0.26) | 0.91 | 0.1 (−0.16, 0.37) | 0.45 | 0.05 (−0.22, 0.32) | 0.71 | 0.1 (−0.17, 0.36) | 0.48 |
| Other | −0.21 (− 0.31, 0.44) | 0.52 | − 0.26 (− 0.94, 0.41) | 0.44 | −0.31 (− 1.00, 0.37) | 0.37 | −0.27 (− 0.95, 0.4) | 0.43 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Some HS | 0.03 (−0.41, 0.53) | 0.91 | −0.13 (− 0.65, 0.39) | 0.63 | − 0.19 (− 0.71, 0.33) | 0.47 | −0.13 (− 0.65, 0.39) | 0.63 |
| HS grad | 0.33* (− 0.27, 0.59) | 0.02 | 0.16 (−0.12, 0.44) | 0.27 | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.41) | 0.38 | 0.16 (−0.12, 0.44) | 0.27 |
| Some college | REF | REF | REF | REF | ||||
| College grad | −0.20 (−0.13, 0.12) | 0.22 | −0.24 (− 0.58, 0.09) | 0.16 | − 0.25 (− 0.59, 0.08) | 0.14 | −0.24 (− 0.58, 0.1) | 0.16 |
| Grad | −0.04 (− 0.34, 0.34) | 0.84 | −0.15 (− 0.53, 0.23) | 0.43 | −0.12 (− 0.50, 0.26) | 0.52 | −0.15 (− 0.53, 0.23) | 0.43 |
| Years with diabetes | – | – | 0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02) | 0.91 | 0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02) | 0.92 | 0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02) | 0.91 |
| Diabetes distress | – | – | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01) | 0.33 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.26 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.34 |
| Diabetes empowerment | – | – | 0.06 (−0.18, 0.3) | 0.60 | 0.07 (−0.17, 0.31) | 0.58 | 0.06 (−0.18, 0.3) | 0.61 |
| A1c | – | – | −0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07) | 0.42 | −0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07) | 0.38 | −0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07) | 0.41 |
| Self-care | – | – | −0.06 (− 0.15, 0.04) | 0.23 | −0.05 (− 0.15, 0.04) | 0.25 | −0.06 (− 0.15, 0.03) | 0.21 |
| Comorbidities | – | – | 0.23*** (0.17, 0.3) | < 0.001 | 0.23*** (0.17, 0.29) | < 0.001 | 0.23*** (0.17, 0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Neighborhood economic disadvantage | ||||||||
| Low | – | – | – | – | −0.34 (− 0.92, 0.25) | 0.26 | – | – |
| Medium | – | – | – | – | REF | – | – | |
| High | – | – | – | – | 0.60* (0.10, 1.09) | 0.02 | – | – |
| Neighborhood residential instability | ||||||||
| Low | – | – | – | – | 0.01 (− 0.55, 0.57) | 0.97 | – | – |
| Medium | – | – | – | – | REF | – | – | |
| High | – | – | – | – | − 0.39 (− 0.87, 0.09) | 0.11 | – | – |
| Neighborhood ethnic heterogeneity | ||||||||
| Low | – | – | – | – | −0.08 (− 0.55, 0.39) | 0.74 | – | – |
| Medium | – | – | – | – | REF | – | – | |
| High | – | – | – | – | − 0.08 (− 0.51, 0.36) | 0.73 | – | – |
| NSD (composite measure) | ||||||||
| Low | – | – | – | – | – | – | − 0.04 (− 0.50, 0.42) | 0.87 |
| Medium | – | – | – | – | – | – | REF | |
| High | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.08 (− 0.40, 0.56) | 0.75 |
Model 1 - Individual demographic variables. Model 2 - Individual demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables. Model 3 - Individual demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables and separate NSD measures. Model 4 - Individual demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables and composite NSD measure
NSD refers to neighborhood social disorganization
* p < 0.05
** p < 0.01
*** p < 0.001
aIn all models, variables were grand mean centered to increase interpretability