Table 3.
Propensity score matching estimates of the effect of stuttering on labor market outcomes.
| Outcome variables | Male |
Female |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmatched | PSM | Unmatched | PSM | |
| Panel 1: log hourly earnings | ||||
| PWS | −10,931* (5,168) | −10,766** (3,528) | −12,043* (4,836) | −18,712** (4,088) |
| n | 2,649 | 268 | 1,946 | 81 |
| n (PWS) | 67 | 67 | 27 | 27 |
| Panel 2: employed | ||||
| PWS | −0.100** (0.035) | −0.073 (0.047) | −0.114 (0.056) | −0.094 (0.073) |
| n | 3,562 | 400 | 4,198 | 228 |
| n (PWS) | 100 | 100 | 57 | 57 |
| Panel 3: in the labor force | ||||
| PWS | −0.082** (0.023) | −0.047 (0.035) | −0.080 (0.049) | −0.076 (0.065) |
| n | 3,562 | 400 | 4,197 | 228 |
| n (PWS) | 100 | 100 | 57 | 57 |
| Panel 4: underemployed | ||||
| PWS | 0.050 (0.047) | 0.073 (0.056) | 0.126* (0.065) | 0.232** (0.074) |
| n | 4,202 | 440 | 4,916 | 236 |
| n (PWS) | 110 | 110 | 59 | 59 |
| Panel 5: public assistance receipt | ||||
| PWS | 0.083* (0.034) | 0.071 (0.045) | 0.223** (0.054) | 0.099 (0.073) |
| n | 4,315 | 468 | 5,023 | 256 |
| n (PWS) | 117 | 117 | 64 | 64 |
Note. Each panel-by-column is a separate analysis. Standard errors (shown in parentheses) are clustered by school of residence in Wave 1. All estimates are based on weighted regression using the Add Health weights. PSM = propensity score matching; PWS = person who stutters.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.