Table 1:
Examples of autophagy change in individual compoments of the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome
| Change of Autophagy in Insulin Resistance, Diabetes Mellitus and Pancreatic Defect | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model and Organ | Autophagy | Autophagy parameters | Reference |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone-indued insulin resistance; Skeletal muslces | Suppressed | Activated mTOR, decreased LC3- II/LC3-I, and increased p62 | X. Song, et al., 2018 |
| Hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice; Liver | Suppressed | Increased GFP-LC3 puncta, LC3- II/LC3-I and p62, decreased proteolysis | Inami, et al., 2011 |
| High fat diet-induced insulin resistance; Liver |
Suppressed | Decreased RFP-GFP-LC3 puncta,LC3- II/LC3-I and increased p62 | Qian, et al., 2018 |
| High-fat diet-induced insulin resistance; Hypothalamus | Suppressed | Decreased Atg7, Atg5, andLC3-II | (Meng & Cai, 2011) |
| Palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance; Cardiomyocytes | Enhanced | Increased GFP-LC3 puncta, LC3-II, decreased Atg12-Atg5, Atgl6Ll, Atg3 | (S. Li, H. Li, et al., 2017) |
| Insulin resistance and diabetes in high-fat diet fed mice and db/dbmice; Pancreatic ß cells | Enhanced | Increased autophagosome formation by TEM and LC3-II | Ebato, et al., 2008 |
| Type 1 diabetes in streptozotocin-injected mice; Hearts | Suppressed | Decreased LC3-II, At g 12, and the Atg12-Atg5 complex | (Z. Xie, et al., 2011; X. Xu, Kobayashi, et al., 2013) |
| Insulin resistance in fructose-fed mice; Heart |
Enhanced | Increased LC3-II, Beclin 1, andp62 | Mellor, et al., 2011 |
| Type 2 diabetes in human; Heart | Enhanced | Increased LC3-II, Beclin 1, and decreased p62 | Munasinghe,et al., 2016 |
| Type 2 diabetes in high fat-fed and streptozotocin-treated mice; Pancreatic ß cells | Decreased | Decreased Atg5 andLC3-II | (M. Fan, et al., 2018) |
| Type 1 diabetes in streptozotocin-treated mice; Heart | Decreased | Decreased Beclin 1, Atg7, Atg12, LC3- II, and increased p62 | (Xiao, et al., 2018) |
| Change of Autophagy in Obesity and Dyslipidemia | |||
| Obesity in human; Visceral fat | Increased | Increased Atg5 and LC3-II | (Haim, et al., 2015) |
| Obesity, GFP-LC3+-ob/ob mice; Pancreatic islets | Suppressed | Increased GFP-LC3 puncta, LC3- II/LC3-I and p62, decreased proteolysis | (Quan, et al., 2012) |
| Obesity, both ob/ob mice and high-fat diet; Liver | Suppressed | Decreased Atg7, Atg5, Beclinl, LC3-II, and increased p62 | (Inami, et al., 2011; Qian, et al., 2018; L. Yang, et al., 2010) |
| Obesity in human: Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue | Increased | increased Atg5, LC3-II, and Atg12-Atg5 | (Kovsan, et al., 2011) |
| Change of Autophagy in Hypertension | |||
| Rat PASMCs, Pulmonary arterial hypertension treated with Chloroquine | Suppressed | increased expression of LC3B-ÏÏ and ATG5 mRNA , increased p62 and BMPR-II protein levels | (Long, et al., 2013) |
| Mice, cardiac hypertrophy induced by TAC, heart failure |
Early suppressed, Late upregulated | decreased LC3-II levels, increased LC3- II levels | (A. Nakai, et al., 2007) |
| Hypertension in obese ZDF rat; Mesenteric arterioles | Increased | Increased Atg5, Atg7, Beclin 1, p62 and LC3-II | (Q. Dong, et al., 2017) |
| Stress-induced hypertension in rats; neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla | Impaired | Increased LC3-II and p62, and blocked autophagic flux | (Du, et al., 2017) |