Table 3.
Summary of articles on mobile OA measurement tools.
| Reference | Raters and subjects | Joint | Measures | Mobile devices | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ockendon and Gilbert41 | Raters: 2 experienced raters Subjects: 5 healthy adults (all males, aged 30–40 years) |
Knee | Flexion | Apple iPhone 3GS (Knee Goniometer) Telescopic-armed goniometer (Lafayette Instrument) |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone: Pearson’s r = 0.982, 95% CI = 0.962–0.991 Inter-rater reliability of smartphone between two raters: r = 0.994, 95% CI = 0.986–0.997 Concurrent validity of smartphone against goniometer: r = 0.947, 95% CI = 0.913–0.968 |
| Ferriero et al.47 | Raters: 5 PTs and 5 physicians Subjects: 35 pictures of knees from 10 healthy adults |
Knee | Flexion Extension |
Apple iPhone (Dr. Goniometer) Universal goniometer |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone: ICC = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.995–0.997 Inter-rater reliability: ICC = 0.994, 95% CI = 0.991–0.996 Agreement between smartphone and universal goniometer: 95% LoA = 14.1 (−6.6 to + 7.5) |
| Jenny46 | Raters: 1 operating surgeon and 1 assistive surgeon Subjects: 10 OA patients (4 males and 6 females; mean age = 69 years) |
Knee | Flexion | Apple iPhone (Angle) Navigation system (OrthoPilot) |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone by operating surgeon: ICC = 0.81 Inter-rater reliability between operating surgeon and assistant surgeon: ICC = 0.79 Concurrent validity of smartphone against navigating system: r2 = 0.88–0.99, p = 0.01–0.001 |
| Jenny et al.45 | Raters: n/a Subjects: 10 OA patients (5 males and 5 females; mean age = 69 years) |
Knee | Flexion | Apple iPhone (Goniometer Pro) Apple iPhone (Dr. Goniometer) Navigation system (OrthoPilot) |
Paired difference between OrthoPilot and Goniometer Pro: Mean = 7.5°, SD = 5.3° Paired difference between OrthoPilot and Dr. Goniometer: Mean = 0.7°, SD = 1.5° |
| Andrea et al.49 | Raters: 2 orthopedists Subjects: 35 patients with ACL-deficient knees |
Knee | ATT in ACL-deficient knee | Apple iPhone and Android phone (SmartJoint) Mechanical device (KT 1000) |
Inter-rater reliability between two raters: ICC = 0.989, 95% CI = 0.981–0.994 Concurrent validity of smartphone against mechanical device: ICC = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.981–0.991 |
| Milanese et al.43 | Raters: 3 PTs and 3 adults in physiotherapy Subjects: 6 healthy adults (3 males and 3 females) |
Knee | Flexion Extension |
Apple iPhone Universal goniometer (Chattanooga) |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone: CCCExpert = 0.996, SEMExpert = 0.79; CCCNovice = 0.998, SEMNovice = 0.55 Concurrent validity of smartphone against universal goniometer: CCC = 0.991 |
| Salehi et al.39 | Raters: n/a Subject: 1 adult |
Knee | Flexion Extension |
Optical tracking system Wearable pants (STants) |
For right knee angles: RMSE = 6.65, correlation coefficient = 0.987 For left knee angles: RMSE = 4.46, correlation coefficient = 0.991 |
| Jones et al.44 | Raters: 1 PT and 1 exercise physiologist Subjects: 36 adults (8 males and 28 females; mean age = 60.6 years) |
Knee | Flexion Extension |
Apple iPhone 3GS (Simple Goniometer) Universal goniometer (Chattanooga) |
Inter-rater reliability of smartphone: ICC = 0.93–0.97 Concurrent validity of smartphone against universal goniometer: Pearson’s r = 0.96–0.98 |
| Niijima et al.42 | Rater: n/a Subjects: 14 young adults (7 males and 7 females; aged 18–22) and 8 older adults (4 males and 4 females; aged 64–80 years) |
Hip | Flexion Extension |
Samsung Galaxy S4 3D system (MA-8000) |
Concurrent validity of smartphone against 3D system: R2 = 0.7–0.9; RMSE = 4–6 |
| Yoon et al.37 | Raters: 2 PTs Subjects: 10 healthy adults (5 males and 5 females; mean age = 22.2 years) |
Hip | Proximal femoral neck axis Distal femoral condylar axis |
Apple iPhone (IntegraSoftHN) Digital inclinometer (GemRed DBB) |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone: ICCRater1 = 0.95, SEMRater1 = 2.20; ICCRater2 = 0.95, SEMRater2 = 1.9 Concurrent validity of smartphone against digital inclinometer: ICC = 0.85, SEM = 4.1 |
| Charlton et al.48 | Rater: 1 PT Subjects: 20 healthy adults (all males; mean age = 23.8 years) |
Hip | Flexion Abduction Adduction Supine IR Supine ER Sitting IR Sitting ER |
Samsung Galaxy S2 Bubble inclinometer 3D system (Vicon) |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone: flexion (ICC = 0.86, SEM = 2.3); abduction (ICC = 0.68, SEM = 4.6); adduction (ICC = 0.68, SEM = 2.5); supine IR (ICC = 0.94, SEM = 3.2); supine ER (ICC = 0.87, SEM = 2.6); sitting IR (ICC = 0.84, SEM = 3.4); sitting ER (ICC = 0.63; SEM = 2.8) Concurrent validity of smartphone against 3D system: flexion (ICC = 0.92); abduction (ICC = 0.98); adduction (ICC = 0.91); supine IR (ICC = 0.88); supine ER (ICC = 0.71); sitting IR (ICC = 0.92); sitting ER (ICC = 0.90) |
| Williams et al.38 | Raters: 1 podiatrist with 2 years clinical experience and 1 podiatrist with 17 years experience Subjects: 20 healthy adults (4 males and 16 females; mean age = 40 years) |
Ankle | Ankle weight-bearing lunge test at the positions: Leg straight Knee bent |
Apple iPhone (TiltMeter app) Digital inclinometer |
Intra-rater reliability of smartphone: ICCStraight = 0.81, SEM = 0.08; ICCBent = 0.85, SEM = 0.06 Inter-rater reliability of smartphone between novice and experienced raters: ICCStraight = 0.80; ICCBent = 0.96 Agreement between smartphone and digital inclinometer: 95% LoA = 9.1 (−4.064 to + 5.025) |
| Park et al.40 | Rater: the authors Subjects: n/a |
All joints | u-CTX-II | LG-F320L | Variation of the u-CTX-II assay across the repeated measures: about 5% Correlation coefficient: R2 = 0.98 |
ATT in ACL-deficient knees: anterior tibial translation in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees; ER: external rotation; IR: internal rotation; u-CTX-II: urinary C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type II collagen; CCI: concordance correlation coefficient; CI: confidence interval; ICC: intra-class correlation coefficient; LoA: limits of agreement; RMSE: root mean square error; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of measurement.