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. 2018 Oct 19;8:15540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33836-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pressure gradients and flow topology. Apex-to-AV pressure gradients increased from the baseline values after implantation, with a significant change in the growth rate for OF >35% (A). The pressure gradients in the LVOT (B) decreased with increasing OF, due to a pressure recovery distal to the bottleneck, as typified by the pressure isocontours in Case 1 (C,D). The blood flow streamlines colored by velocity magnitude illustrate the corresponding variation in flow speed after and before implantation (E,F).