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. 2018 Oct 19;8:15519. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33931-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) image pairs when visualizing the needle tip in (a) water, (b) fat, (c) muscle, (d) liver, and (e) brain tissue. Note that the brain tissue and inserted needle are not visible in the ultrasound image in the presence of 1 mm-thick cranial bone, yet we can detect the needle tip in the corresponding photoacoustic image. All photoacoustic images are shown with 60 dB dynamic range, with the color bar indicating the relative mapping used to represent the photoacoustic signal amplitudes in the overlaid photoacoustic images. All needle insertions angles were 0° relative to the lateral dimension of the ultrasound probe.