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. 2018 Oct 19;8:15508. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33975-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Co-infection of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) with M. lucifugus coronavirus (Myl-CoV) and Pseudogymnoascus destructans results in non-additive patterns of gene expression compared to sole infection with the virus or fungus. (A) Experimental design, showing the four treatments of little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) established by experimental inoculation with Pseudogymnoascus destructans and by qPCR detection of persistent Myl-CoV infections: uninfected, virus-infected, fungus-infected and co-infected. (B) Differential gene expression identified by DESeq2 among virus-infected, fungus-infected and Co-infected bats as compared to the change each exhibited relative to uninfected bats. (C) Differential gene expression among the four treatments, detected by DESEQ2 and visualized in volcano plots. The log of the adjusted p-value is plotted as a function of the log ratio of differential expression. Colored data points represent different groups of genes based on fold change and false discovery rate (FDR) cutoff; red (>2 fold change, FDR <0.05), dark grey (>2 fold change, FDR > 0.05), light grey (<2 fold change, FDR < 0.05), black (<2 fold change, FDR > 0.05).