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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2018 Aug 23;117:52–60. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.019

Table 4.

Multiple logistic regressions assessing associations of pregnancy with quitting hookah (left) and any cigar (right) adjusting for demographic and psychosocial characteristics among females age 18–44 yrs who completed W1 and W2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, United States, 2013–2015

Hookah Use
 Any Cigar Use
AOR 95% CI p AOR 95% CI p
Pregnant in W2 0.005 0.064
    Yes 52.94 3.38 830.19 2.99 0.94 9.53
    No Reference Reference
Use Status in W1 <0.001 0.006
    Established User Reference Reference
    Experimental User 2.31 1.53 3.48 1.68 1.16 2.43
Age 0.011 0.231
    18–24 years 0.89 0.39 2.06 1.63 0.90 2.95
    25–34 years 1.80 0.75 4.35 1.15 0.61 2.15
    35–44 years Reference Reference
Racea 0.035 0.263
    Non-Hispanic White Reference Reference
    Non-Hispanic Black 0.64 0.40 1.02 0.72 0.44 1.18
    Hispanic 0.73 0.47 1.12 1.25 0.70 2.24
    Other 0.49 0.29 0.83 1.22 0.48 3.10
Education 0.111 0.829
    < High School/GED 0.44 0.22 0.86 1.22 0.56 2.67
    High School Graduate 0.77 0.43 1.36 1.41 0.61 3.28
    Some college/Associates degree 0.74 0.48 1.13 1.13 0.54 2.35
    Bachelor’s/Advanced degree Reference Reference
Povertyb 0.695 0.086
    Below poverty level Reference Reference
    At or above poverty level 1.07 0.76 1.50 1.42 0.95 2.13
U.S. Census Region 0.025 0.933
    Northeast 0.61 0.37 1.01 0.93 0.39 2.24
    Midwest 1.60 0.97 2.63 0.95 0.47 1.91
    South 1.14 0.76 1.69 0.84 0.44 1.61
    West Reference Reference
Substance Use
    Past Year Alcohol Usec 0.228 0.862
        Yes 0.74 0.46 1.21 1.04 0.64 1.71
        No Reference Reference
    Past Year Illicit Drug Used 0.896 0.562
        Yes 0.98 0.72 1.34 1.14 0.73 1.78
        No Reference Reference
Psychiatric Statuse
    Externalizing 0.90 0.77 1.05 0.172 0.98 0.83 1.16 0.809
    Internalizing 1.09 0.97 1.23 0.154 0.92 0.78 1.08 0.309

Notes.

a

The four racial/ethnicity categories (White, Black, Other, Hispanic) are mutually exclusive; persons identifying as Hispanic are categorized as such, regardless of race, “Other” includes non-Hispanic persons of two or more races and persons belonging to racial groups other than non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic Black.

b

Based on reported family income and poverty thresholds published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

c

Self-reported alcohol use within the past year.

d

Self-reported use of at least one of the following illicit drugs within the past year: marijuana, cocaine or crack, prescription drugs such as painkillers or sedatives used without a prescription, stimulants like methamphetamine or speed, or any other drugs such as heroin, inhalants, solvents, or hallucinogens.

e

Represents the average number of symptoms experienced in the past year reflecting a possible internalizing or externalizing psychiatric disorder (score ranges 0 to 4 and 0 to 5, respectively).