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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 15.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2018 Aug 25;1699:158–165. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.023

Figure 1. Fibrinogen (Fg) induced activation of astrocytes.

Figure 1.

A) Examples of images of cultured mouse brain astrocytes treated with serum free media alone (control), 2 mg/ml of Fg (Fg-2), 4 mg/ml of Fg (Fg-4), 4 mg/ml of Fg in the presence of function blocking anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody (Fg-4/blk-ICAM-1), or with function blocking anti-ICAM-1 antibody alone (blk-ICAM-1).

Astrocytes were identified by expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, green); ICAM-1 is shown in blue, and Fg -red.

First row: images taken with objective x40. Rows 2–5: images taken with objective x60. Rows 3–5: represent images after deconvolution.

Fg dose-dependently activated astrocytes (see shape change and retraction of processes), increased association of Fg with astrocytes and with ICAM-1, and increased expression of ICAM-1 in astrocytes.

B) Summary of number of spots with co-localized GFAP and Fg (GFAP/Fg); ICAM-1 and Fg (ICAM-1/Fg), and GFAP and ICAM-1 (GFAP/ICAM).

P < 0.05 for all. * - vs. Control, †- vs. Fg-2, ‡- vs. Fg-4; n=4