Table 3.
Results from mixed multinomial logits (prescribed medication)
| Health Service: | Prescribed medication | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group: | Forgoing health care | Utilizing health care | ||
| Weighting: | Unweighted | Inverse Probability Weighting | Unweighted | Inverse Probability Weighting |
| Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | |
| Variable: | ||||
| Type of payments | ||||
| -Copayments | 1.224 (0.095)** | 1.103 (0.428)* | 1.768 (0.060)** | 1.834 (0.237)** |
| -Coinsurances (reference) | −1.224 (0.095)** | −1.103 (0.428)* | − 1.768 (0.060)** | − 1.834 (0.237)** |
| Rate of payments | ||||
| -Rate1 a | 0.696 (0.075)** | 0.994 (0.285)** | 0.783 (0.033)** | 0.901 (0.111)** |
| -Rate2 a | 0.257 (0.065)** | 0.471 (0.272) | 0.502 (0.027)** | 0.500 (0.089)** |
| -Rate3 a (reference) | −0.953 (0.128)** | −1.466 (0.547)** | −1.285 (0.042)** | − 1.401 (0.150)** |
| Annual caps on cost-sharing payment | ||||
| -Half cap | 0.015 (0.052) | 0.180 (0.170) | −0.025 (0.023) | − 0.002 (0.055) |
| -Full cap (reference) | −0.015 (0.052) | −0.180 (0.170) | 0.025 (0.023) | 0.002 (0.055) |
| -Half cap * Copayments | −0.020 (0.049 | 0.030 (0.102) | −0.022 (0.017) | −0.041 (0.053) |
| -Half cap * Rate1 a | − 0.164 (0.065) | 0.072 (0.285) | − 0.053 (0.030) | −0.199 (0.088)* |
| -Half cap * Rate2 a | 0.040 (0.068) | −0.568 (0.408) | − 0.093 (0.036)* | 0.070 (0.129) |
| -Half cap * Afterwards billed by health insurer | 0.054 (0.048) | −0.119 (0.191) | 0.041 (0.018)* | 0.077 (0.070) |
| Moment of payment | ||||
| -Afterwards billed by health insurer | 0.082 (0.045) | 0.843 (0.254)** | 1.590 (0.065)** | 0.793 (0.198)** |
| -Directly at point of care (reference) | −0.082 (0.045) | −0.843 (0.254)** | −1.590 (0.065)** | − 0.793 (0.198)** |
| Alternative specific constant | ||||
| -Opt-out option | 2.308 (0.073)* | 2.640 (0.605)** | −0.332 (0.030)** | −1.093 (0.187)** |
| SD of random parameters | ||||
| Copayments | 1.667 (0.094)** | 1.733 (0.552)** | 2.884 (0.080)** | 2.650 (0.280)** |
| Rate1 a | 0.765 (0.108)** | 1.036 (0.471)* | 1.064 (0.044)** | 1.146 (0.152)** |
| Rate2 a | 0.003 (0.247) | 0.001 (0.005) | 0.815 (0.042)** | −0.746 (0.149)** |
| Afterwards billed by health insurer | – | – | 3.692 (0.100)** | 3.633 (0.409)** |
| Model | ||||
| Number of individuals | 475 | 475 | 6277 | 6277 |
| Number of observations | 8550 | 8550 | 112,986 | 112,986 |
| Log-likelihood | − 2082.340 | − 1327.649 | −22,780.000 | −16,384.221 |
Model: mixed multinomial logits modelling eq. 1. Random parameters assumed a normal distribution and estimated based on 5000 Halton draws
SE Standard Error, SD Standard Deviation
a labels Prescribed medication: rate1 (€2/40%), rate2 (€4/50%), rate3 (€7/70%)
* = p-value≤.05, ** = p-value≤.01