Table 1.
Hepatokines and exercise training.
| Hepatokine | Effect on metabolism and NAFLD | Secretion in NAFLD and obesity | Changes of secretion or blood concentration by exercise training | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental model | Clinical study | |||||
| Significance | Protocol (ref) | Significance | Protocols (ref) | |||
| Adropin | Positive | Decreased | – | – | Increase (plasma) |
Ergometer 55 min, 3 days/weeks, 8 weeks (D42). Aerobic training 90 min, 3-5 days/weeks. 12 weeks (D43) |
| ANGPTL4 | Negative/ positive |
Decreased | Increase (liver mRNA) |
Treadmill 60 min, single bout (D55) |
Increase (plasma) |
One-legged cycling 60-180 min, single bout (D 45) Endurance exercise 120 min, single bout (D54) Knee-extensor exercise 120 min, single bout (D44) |
| SHBG | Positive | Decreased | – | – | Mostly Increase (serum) |
Walking 30-45 min, daily, 3 weeks s with diet therapy (D64) Line dance 60 min, 3 days/weeks, 16 weeks (D65) |
| Fetuin A | Negative | Increased | Increase up to normal level (serum) |
Treadmill 60 min, 5 days/weeks, 16 (D80) |
Decrease (serum, plasma) |
Ergometer 60 min, 5 days/weeks, 12 weeks (D75, D76) Walking 60 min, daily, 1 weeks (D77) |
| FGF21 | Positive | Increased | Increase in acute exercise (serum and liver mRNA) |
Treadmill 30 min, single bout (E12) *Running wheel 8 weeks (E13) |
Increase (plasma) |
Treadmill running 60 min, single bout (D79) Treadmill running 30 min, single bout (E12) |
| Hepassocin | Negative | Increased | – | – | – | – |
| LECT2 | Negative | Increased | – | – | No change (plasma) |
Treadmill running 60 min, single bout (D79) |
| RBP4 | Negative | Increased | Probably decrease |
Treadmill 60 min, 5 days/weeks, 10 weeks (D99) |
Decrease (serum, plasma) |
Resistance training 5 days/weeks, 12 weeks (D98) Stepping training 60 min, 3 days/weeks, 10 weeks (D100) |
| Selenoprotein P | Negative | Increased | No change (plasma and liver mRNA) |
Treadmill 30 min, 6 days/weeks, 1 weeks (F3) Treadmill 30 min, 5 days/weeks, 4 weeks (F3) |
No change (plasma) |
Treadmill running 60 min, single bout (D79) Military training 360 min, 5 days/weeks, 12 weeks (F2) Cycling and walking 30-45 min, 3 days/weeks, 8 weeks (F3) |
*non-significant protocol.