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. 2018 Oct 15;9:1968. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01968

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Copyright © 2018 Hanford, Schmithorst, Panigrahy, Lee, Ridley, Bonar, Versace, Hipwell and Phillips.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Study design and data analyses. Three-month infants were scanned during natural sleep without sedation. Mother-infant dyads were filmed in a face-to-face interaction in order to code global ratings of infant emotional behavior and maternal caregiving. Data processing involved a standard pipeline: motion correction, normalization and smoothing. Images were segmented into 90 whole brain regions of interest (ROI) based on the aal neonatal atlas. Graph theory techniques defined the interactions between nodes, specifically, clustering coefficient and nodal efficiency. Analyses determined relationships among nodal network metrics and measures of infant emotionality, and the moderating effects of maternal caregiving on these relationships. Informed written consent was obtained for the publication of mother and infant images.