Table 1.

Innovative therapies for glioblastoma.

New chemotherapeutic agents
Innovations for the delivery of anticancer drugs Intraoperative polymer implants in residual tumor bed containing anticancer drugs Magnetic cationic microsphere delivery system Stereotactic implantation of microspheres containing anticancer drugs Lipid-coated microbubbles as a delivery vehicle
Strategies to overcome the blood-tumor barrier for delivery of chemotherapy Intra-arterial chemotherapy Nanotechnology-based controlled delivery through blood-brain barrier
Chemotherapy sensitization Hyperbaric oxygen Photodynamic therapy for chemosensitization
Innovations of radiotherapy Boron neutron capture therapy Brachytherapy: implantation of interstitial radiation-emitting seeds into the tumor Enhancing effect of radiotherapy by hyperbaric oxygen Radiosurgery: enhancing effects of ionizing radiation
Inhibition of tumor growth Receptor tyrosine kinases as a signal blocker to hinder the growth of gliomas Telomerase inhibition Antiangiogenesis therapy Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid given intramuscularly Thalidomide, systemic administration Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated metabolic pathway
Local destruction of tumor Genetical modified bacteria for tumor-specific lysis Hyperthermia Interleukin-4 fusion toxin injection Intraoperative photodynamic therapy Oncolysis by genetically modified viruses Tumor treating fields
Immune therapy Brain tumor vaccines Immune checkpoint blockade Monoclonal antibodies Radiolabeled antibodies injected directly into the tumor Recombinant interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer cells Recombinant immunotoxins specific for epidermal growth factor receptor
Cell therapy CAR-T cell therapy Encapsulated cells engineered to produce therapeutic molecules Glioma stem cell therapy Grafting of stem cells producing therapeutic molecules, such as IL-4 gene
Gene therapy Apoptosis-inducible FADD/MORTI gene transfer Deoxycytidine cDNA as sensitizer for cytotoxic effect of cytosine arabinoside Direct intratumoral injection of genetically modified neurotrophic viruses E. coli gpt gene delivery to sensitize glioma cells to prodrug 6-thioxanthine Insertion of drug sensitivity genes Suicide gene therapy: herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase Viral vectors containing radiation-inducible promoters
Gene suppression Antisense RNAi