Table 2.

Classification of biomarkers of glioblastoma that are relevant to management.

Cytogenetic biomarkers BRAF mutation EGF, latrophilin and 7 transmembrane domain-containing 1 on chromosome 1 (ELTD1) EGFRvIII deletion Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 1p, 19q, 17p, and 10q Loss of p16 tumor suppressor gene pathway Loss of p53 tumor suppressor gene MAGE-E1, a glioma-specific member of MAGE (melanoma-associated antigen) family Mdm2 amplification in 15% of malignant gliomas PTEN deletion or mutation RBI wild type, no mutation

Methylation profiling of brain tumors 06-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation (17) Detection of methylation-dependent DNA sequence variation: methylSNP Methylation of TMS1, an intracellular signaling molecule

Protein biomarkers ALDH1A3 in glioma-like stem cells in glioblastoma CSF protein profiling: N-myc oncoprotein, caldesmon, attractin Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase Serum protein fingerprinting: circulating exosomes containing mRNA, miRNA, and angiogenic proteins

Metabolite biomarkers detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) Choline Lactate N-acetylaspartate (diminished)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

Prognostic biomarkers 14-3-3zeta positive expression Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) transcripts; survival is worse in high hTERT expressors Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation status

Biomarkers of response to therapy Biomarkers to predict response to EGFR inhibitors MRI as biomarker for response of brain tumor to therapy