Table 2.

Effect of staying in school until age 16 on health outcomes

	Body size			Lung function			Blood pressure
	BMI	Body fat percentage	Waist–hip ratio	FEV1	FVC	PEF	Diastolic	Systolic
Above threshold
BMI PGS × Edu16	−0.024* (0.013)	−0.065*** (0.012)	−0.031*** (0.010)	−0.044** (0.020)	−0.055*** (0.018)	−0.012 (0.018)	0.029 (0.018)	0.018 (0.017)
Edu16	−0.068 (0.042)	−0.068* (0.037)	−0.090*** (0.031)	−0.116** (0.059)	−0.115** (0.054)	−0.054 (0.051)	0.081 (0.051)	0.107** (0.050)
BMI PGS	0.137*** (0.012)	0.137*** (0.011)	0.059*** (0.010)	0.061*** (0.019)	0.075*** (0.017)	0.013 (0.016)	0.016 (0.016)	0.013 (0.016)
P value for H0: no effect of education	0.004	7.11 × 10−12	4.28 × 10−8	3.81 × 10−5	2.98 × 10−7	0.164	0.002	0.002
Dep. Var. mean among compliers	0.322	0.223	0.162	0.488	0.368	0.307	0.609	0.655
Continuous
BMI PGS × Edu16	0.03 (0.160)	0.450** (0.222)	0.001 (0.002)	0.053** (0.025)	0.063** (0.031)	6.977* (4.119)	0.922** (0.359)	0.474 (0.587)
Edu16	−0.201 (0.469)	−0.693 (0.641)	−0.009 (0.007)	0.113 (0.070)	0.139 (0.088)	11.196 (11.817)	0.964 (1.029)	2.340 (1.689)
BMI PGS	1.675*** (0.146)	1.441*** (0.203)	0.010*** (0.002)	−0.077*** (0.023)	−0.108*** (0.028)	−6.545* (3.802)	0.146 (0.329)	0.619 (0.540)
P value for H0: no effect of education	0.913	0.127	0.363	3.21 × 10−4	5.06 × 10−4	0.016	4.91 × 10−4	0.057
Observations	252,926	249,743	253,155	203,048	203,048	203,048	253,377	253,377
Dep. Var. mean among compliers	28.470	32.340	0.881	2.870	3.773	413.700	83.530	135.400

The 2SLS estimates are shown. Above threshold is an indicator of whether the outcome is greater than its threshold. Edu16 is an indicator for staying in school until age 16 and is instrumented by an indicator for being born after September 1, 1957. The P value for H₀: no effect of education is the P value from a joint test that β₁ = β₂ = 0. The last row shows means of the dependent variable (Dep. Var.) among prereform compliers, defined as individuals born before September 1, 1957, who dropped out before age 16. ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, *P < 0.1.