Table 2.
Incidence of AKI, associated factors, measured outcomes and adjustments in the 8 included studies
| Study | Follow up | Factors associated with AKI | Crude Mortality in AKI | AKI an independent risk factor for mortality | Disability and AKI | LOS (days) and AKI | Cost and AKI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covic et al., 2008 [19] | 30 days | Age, renal function on admission, IHD, CHF, hemorrhagic stroke | 43.1% vs 12.8% (P = 0.001) | No | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Khatri et al., 2014 [20] | Hospital discharge | Admission creatinine, NIHSS score | AIS: 33% vs 10% (P ≤ 0.001) ICH: 40% vs 30% (P = 0.020) |
For AIS only OR 3.08 (95% CI 1.49–6.35, P = 0.002) Adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, smoking, CTA, creatinine, NIHSS score |
Not reported | Unadjusted AIS: 17.6 vs 8.4 days (P ≤ 0.001) ICH: 13.0 vs 8.0 days (P ≤ 0.001) |
Not reported |
| Lin et al., 2011 [21] | 1 year | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Mohamed et al., 2015 [22] | Hospital discharge | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not significant after adjustment | OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.51–4.58 Adjusted for comorbidities, complications, NIHSS score |
Not reported |
| Saeed et al., 2014 [23] | Hospital discharge | Not reported | 8.4% vs 2.9% (P ≤ 0.001) | OR 2.2 (95% CI 2.0–2.2, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, GI bleeding, sepsis, nicotine dependence |
OR for moderate/severe disability 1.3 (95% CI 1.3–1.4, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted as for mortality |
Unadjusted 6 vs 4 days (P < 0.0001) |
Unadjusted USD 38,613 vs 24,474 (P < 0.0001) |
| Saeed et al., 2015 [24] | Hospital discharge | Not performed | AKI: 28.7% vs 22.4% (P ≤ 0.001) AKI-D vs AKI: 50.2% vs 28.4% (P ≤ 0.001) |
OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.4–1.6, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, hospital bed size, hospital teaching status |
OR for moderate/severe disability 1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.3, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted as for mortality |
Unadjusted 12 vs 7 days (P < 0.0001) |
Unadjusted USD 104,142 vs 54,315 (P < 0.0001) |
| Tsagalis et al., 2008 [25] | 10 years | NIHSS score, CHF, ICH, GFR | 30-day mortality 21.8% vs 12.5% (P = 0.001) 10-year mortality 75.9% vs 57.7% (P = 0.001) |
10-year HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.07–1.44, P ≤ 0.01), Adjusted for sex, SBP, hematocrit, comorbidities, brain edema, antihypertensives, statin use |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Nadkarni et al., 2015 [26] AKI-D only |
Hospital discharge | Not performed | AIS: 31.8% vs 5.6% (P ≤ 0.01) ICH: 40.4% vs 28.5% (P ≤ 0.01) |
AIS: OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.48, P ≤ 0.001) ICH: OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.61–2.36, P ≤ 0.01) Adjusted for demographics, hospital characteristics, Charlson comorbidity index and other diagnoses |
OR for adverse discharge category AIS: 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.37, P ≤ 0.01 ICH: 1.74; 95% CI 1.34–2.24, P ≤ 0.01 Adjusted as for mortality |
Unadjusted AIS: 14.1 vs 3.6 days (P ≤ 0.01) ICH: 23.5 vs 5.3 days (P ≤ 0.01) |
Unadjusted AIS: USD 32,596 vs 8039 (P ≤ 0.01) ICH: USD 58,111 vs 11,255 (P ≤ 0.01) |
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; AIS, acute ischemic stroke; AKI, acute kidney injury; AKI-D, acute kidney injury requring dialysis; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CT, computerized tomography; CTA, computerized tomography angiography; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GI, gastrointestinal; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LOS, length of stay; MI, myocardial infarction, mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; OR, Odds Ratio; RIFLE, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischemic attack; USD, United States Dollars