Figure 9.

Effect of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in xanthohumol (Xn)-treated AGS cells. Cells were pre-treated with the ROS inhibitor NAC (5 mM) for 1 h, and then treated with Xn (20 µM) for 24 h; they were then harvested and lysed to measure NF-κB signaling proteins through western blotting. (A-C) Expression of IκBα and p-IκBα protein; (D-F) Expression of nuclear and cytosolic p65 protein. Histone H3 served as the nuclear loading control, GAPDH served as the cytosolic loading control. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. n=3. **P<0.01 vs. control (0 µM Xn); ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01 vs. Xn (20 µM Xn).