Table 2.
Studies examining the association between sarcoidosis and subsequent comorbidity reported in the literature 2015-2017
| Author, year | Study population, country | No. patients with sarcoidosis | Average follow-up time | Outcome | Estimate of RR (95% CI) | Additional findings | Risk of outcome associated with sarcoidosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wu 7 | National Health Insurance Research Database, Taiwan | 1237 | NR | Autoimmune diseases | HR 1.66 (95% CI 1.37–2.00) | Highest risks observed for autoimmune thyroid disease, Sjögren’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis | ↑ |
| Ungprasert 29 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 345 | 15.1 years | Cardiovascular disease | HR 1.65 (95% CI 1.08–2.53) | Highest risks observed for congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident | ↑ |
| Ungprasert 35 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 345 | 15.1 years | Venus thromboembolism | HR 3.04 (95% CI 1.47–6.29) | ↑ | |
| Yaqoob 36 | Explores electronic medical records from 26 healthcare systems, USA | 53,680 | NA (cross-sectional study) | Venus thromboembolism | OR 3.35 (95% CI 3.25–3.46) | ↑ | |
| Bours 37 | Primary care medical records (Clinical Practice Research Datalink), UK | 5722 | 6.7 years | Vertebral and nonvertebral fractures | Any fracture RR 0.90 (95% CI 0.80–1.02) Vertebral RR 1.77 (95% CI 1.06–2.96) Nonvertebral 0.87 (95% CI 0.77–0.99) |
Glucocorticoid use associated with an increased risk of fractures | ↑ vertebral ↓ nonvertebral fractures |
| Ungprasert 38 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 345 | 12.9 years | Fragility fracture | HR 2.18 (95% CI 1.23–3.88) | ↑ | |
| Sogaard 34 | Nationwide register study, Denmark | 12,890 | 10 years | Malignancy, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers | SIR 1.3 (95% CI 1.3–1.4) | Risk of tonsil, colon and immune-related cancers remained increased >10 years after diagnosis | ↑ |
| Ungprasert 33 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 345 | 12.9 years | Malignancy, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers | HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.49–1.06) | Increased risk of hematologic malignancy among cases of systemic sarcoidosis compared with those without systemic disease | ↔ |
| Ungprasert 39 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 332 | 14.8 years | Hospitalization | RR 1.37 (95% CI 1.24–1.52) | ↑ | |
| Ungprasert 28 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 345 | 15.1 years | Hospitalized infection | HR 2.00 (95% CI 1.41–2.84) | Higher risk observed in patients who received immunosuppressive treatment | ↑ |
| Ungprasert 27 | Olmsted County, MN, USA | 345 | 12.9 years | Multimorbidity: at least two chronic conditions | HR 1.60 (95% CI 1.27. 2.01) | Higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, depression and diabetes mellitus | ↑ |
| Brito-Zeron 31 | Hospital-based cohort of patients with sarcoidosis and controls from primary care, Spain | 218 | NA(case-control study) |
Comorbidities included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index | 51% of patients with sarcoidosis had at least one comorbidity compared with 29% of controls | Patients with sarcoidosis more likely to have chronic liver disease, autoimmune diseases, chronic pulmonary disease and malignancy | ↑ |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; SIR, standardized incidence ratio.