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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 22.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 Jan 20;30(4):965–979. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00350

Table 2.

Cell behaviors and regulatory signals explicitly represented in the virtual palate mode

Cell Type Behavior ↑ or ↓ Regulated By References
Mesenchymal Growth and Proliferation ↑ contact with Mesench; BMP2
↓ Noggin(i)*
30, 34, 40, 57
All Apoptosis ↓ contact with any cell or ECM 76
All ECM Production ↑ contact with Mesench; BMP2 ↓ Noggin(i) 17, 40
All Secretion of FGF10 ↑ contact with Mesench; SHH 29, 30, 57
All Secretion of BMP2 ↑ contact with Mesench; SHH 30, 40, 57
All Secretion of BMP4 ↑ contact with Mesench; BMP4
↓ SHH; Noggin(i)
40, 57
All Secretion of MMPs -- 67
Nasal only Secretion of FGF7 ↑ FGF7
↓ SHH
29
Epithelial Growth and Proliferation ↑ FGF10; FGF7; EGF
↓ TGFβ3
28, 29, 64
All Apoptosis ↑ TGFβ3
↓ contact with any cell or ECM; contact w/ Medium or Peri; EGF
31, 37, 4345, 64, 65
All Differentiation to Mesench. ↑ contact w/ Mesench or ECM; TGFβ3
↓ contact w/ Medium or Peri; EGF
45
All Differentiation to Periderm ↑ contact w/ Medium 77
All BM Production/Maintenance ↑ contact w/ Mesench or ECM
↓ MMPs
67, 78
All Secretion of MMPs ↑TGFβ3 33, 67
All Secretion of SHH ↑ FGF10; BMP4
↓ FGF7; Noggin(i)
29, 30, 36, 39, 40
Medial only Secretion of TGFβ3 ↓ EGF 41
Medial only Secretion of EGF ↓ TGFβ3 42
Oral only Secretion of Noggin -- 36
Periderm Growth and Proliferation ↑ FGF10; FGF7; EGF
↓ TGFβ3
28, 29, 64
All Apoptosis ↑ TGFβ3
↓ contact with any cell or ECM; contact w/ Medium or Peri; EGF
31, 37, 4345, 64, 65
All Polarization -- 77
All Motility ↑ TGFβ3
↓ EGF
31
All Secretion of SHH ↑ FGF10; BMP4
↓ FGF7; Noggin(i)
29, 30, 36, 39, 40
Medial only Secretion of TGFβ3 ↓ EGF 41
Medial only Secretion of EGF ↓ TGFβ3 42
*

Noggin(i) refers to indirect regulation (i) by Noggin binding to BMP2 or BMP4 preventing activation of the BMP receptor as coded in the model.

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